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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of Bones and Skeletal System |
Support Protect Assist in movement Mineral Storage and release Blood Cell Production Triglyceride Storage |
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Types of Bones |
Long Bones
Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones |
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Diaphysis |
shaft or body
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Epiphyses |
proximal, distal ends |
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Metaphyses |
Between diaphysis and epiphysis in a growing bone contains epiphyseal growth plate and after puberty it is replaced by the epiphyseal line |
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Articular Cartilage |
thin layer of hyaline cartilage which reduces friction and absorbs shock |
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Periosteum |
surrounds bone, outer fibrous layer, inner osteogenic layer, and attaches to the bone surface by perforating (sharpey fibers) bundles of collagen fibers |
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Medullary Cavity |
hollow cylindrical space witin the diaphysis that contains fatty yettloo] |
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Osteoporosis |
bone resorption (destruction) outpaces bone deposition (formation) Women smaller + less dense Men have androgen + testosterone Wanes gradually + slightly unlike Women hormones |
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Bone Remodeling Includes |
Bone resorption- removal of minerals + collagen fibers by osteoclasts Bone deposition- addition of minerals+ collagen fibers by osteoblasts |
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Increased Bone Thickness via Appositional Growth |
1. Ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessel 2. Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum- lined tunnel 3. Osteoblasts in endoststeum build new concentric lamallae inward toward center of tunnel forming near osteon 4. Bone grows outward as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamallae osteon formation repeats as new peresteal ridges over blood vessels. |
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Growth in length of long bone involves |
interstitial growth replacement of cartilage w/ bone by endochoral ossification on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate |
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Endochondral Growth |
Growth by length through mitosis + by the deposition of extracellular matrix Growth in thickness due to the addition of more xtracellular matrix to the perphery |
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Endochondral Ossification |
Process from 6 weeks fetus to 15 weeks cartilage is replaced by bone 6 step process 1. development of cartilage neodel 2. Growth of cartilage model 3. development of primary ossification center 4. development of medullary 5. cavity development of secondary ossification centers 6. formation of articular cartilager equiphyseal plate |
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Intramembranous Ossification steps |
1. Development of ossification center. Osteoblasts secrete organic extracelluar matrix 2. Calification: calcium+ other mineral salts are deposited + extracellular matrix calufies (hardens) 3. formation of trabeculae: extracellular matrix develops into trabewlae that fuse to form from spongy bone. 4. Development of periosteum: mesenchyme at the periphery of the bone develops into the periosteum |
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Tubercle |
Variable sized projection |
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Trochanter |
Very large projection |
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Tuberosity |
Projection w/ rough bumpy surface |
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Endochondral Ossification |
Bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme |
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Intramembranous Ossification |
Bone forms directly within condensed mesendyme which is arranged in sheetlike layer that resembles membranes |
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Perforating Fibers (Sharpey's) |
thick bundles of collagen that extend from the periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix |
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Endosteum |
thin membrane, lines the medullary cavity contains single layer of bone cells and small amount of connective tissue |
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Bone Surface Markings |
Fissure Foramen Fossa Sulcus Meatus |
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Surface Markings |
Osseous Landmarks |
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Fissure |
Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones thru which blood vessels or nerves pass |
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Meatus |
canal-like passageway |
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Foramen |
Round, Oval opening thru a bone |
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Fossa |
Shallow Depression |
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Sulcus |
Furrow along a bone surface that accommodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon |
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Sinus |
Cavity within bone filled with air and lined with a mucous membrane |
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Processes |
projections or outgrowths on bone that form joints or attachment points for connective tissue such as ligaments and tendons |
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Processes that form joints |
Condyle Facet Head |
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Processes that form attachment points for connective tissue |
Crest Epicondyle Line Spinous Process Trochanter Tubercle TUberosity |
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Condyle |
Heart-shaped indent in the femur -large round protuberance with smooth articular surface at the end of bone |
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Facet |
Smooth flat slightly concave or convex articular surface such as a vertebra |
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Head |
Usually rounded articular projection supported on the neck (constricted portion) of a bone ex: head of femur |
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Crest |
Prominent ridge or elongated projection Ex Iliac Crest |
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Ramus |
Arm-like bar of bone Ex: lower Jaw |
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Epicondyle |
Typically roughened projection above a condyle Ex: Medial epicondyle of the femur |
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Extracellular Matrix |
15% Water 10% Collagen Fibers 55% Crystallized Mineral Salts |
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Bone Tissue |
Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix Most abundant mineral salt aka Hydroxyapatite Crystals |
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Hydroxyapitite |
Most abundant mineral salt (Ca(OH2) calcium hydroxide |
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Bone Tissue Cell Types |
Osteogenic Cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts |
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Osteogenic Cells (Osteoprogenitor) |
stem cells develop into osteoblasts found along the inner portion of the periosteum and endosteum and in the canals within bones that contain blood vessels |
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Osteoblasts |
bone building cells, synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build extracellular matrix -initiate calcification and get trapped by lacunae |
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Osteocytes |
mature bone cells maintain bone tissues daily metabolism such as exchange of nutrients and waste minerals. |
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Osteoclasts |
derives from the fusion of about 50 monocytes have ruffled border that faces the bone surface release lysosomal enzymes and acids that digest protein and mineral components |
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Compact Bone (Corticle/Dense) |
Osteon or Haversian System Cicumferential Lamallae Perforating Canals- Volkamann's Canals |
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Bone Formation |
Ossification -initial formation fo bones in an embryo and fetus -During Growth -Romodeling of Bones -Repair of Fractures |
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Initial Bone Formation in an Embryo or Fetus |
Begins during the 6th week of development -Embryonic skeleton is at first composed of mesenchyme in the general shape of bones -replace preexisting connective tissue with bone and does not lead to any differences in structure |
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What are the two ways of Initial Bone Formation in an Embryo or Fetus? |
Intramembranous Ossification Endochondral Ossification |
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Types of Bone Fractures |
Open (Compound) Comminuted Fracture Greenstick Fracture Impacted Fracture Pott's Fracture Colles' Fracture Stress Fracture |
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Open Compound Fracture |
Broken ends of bone protrude thru the skin |
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Comminuted Fracture |
Bone splintered into pieces |
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Line |
long narrow ridge |
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Trabecular |
cancellous bone/spongey bone -consists of lamallae arranged in irregular patterns -between them are spaces filled with red blood marrow that produce red blood cells -found in the interior of short, flat, sesamoid, and irregularly shaped bones -forms core of epiphyses |
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Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone |
Periosteal arteries nutrient arteries metaphyseal arteries epiphyseal arteries bones are rich with SENSORY NERVES |
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Greenstick Fracture |
Partial Fracture: one side is broken and the other side bends children are usually the ones who get them because their bones are not fully osified |
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Impacted Fracture |
One end of the bone forcibly driven into the interior of the other end |
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Pott's Fracture |
Fracture of the distal end of the fibula |
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Colles' Fracture |
Fracture of the distal end of the radius |
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Stress Fracture |
Microscopic fissures in the bone from repeated strenous activities, also from disease |
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Factors Affecting Bone Growth and Repair |
-availability of minerals such as calcium and phosphorous -availability of vitamins (A,C,D, B12) -Availability of specific hormones (insulin, Insulin like Growth Factors (IGFs) and thyroid hormones) |
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Effects of Aging |
-loss of calcium and minerals decreasing bone mass -brittleness due to slowing production of collagen fibers which give bone tissue its tensile strength |
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Osteon/Haversian System |
Compact bone
Central Canal Concentric Lamellae Lacunae Canalilculi Interstitial Lamallae |
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Perforating Canal or Valkmann's Canals |
transvers canals where blood vessels and nerves form the periosteum and pentrate the compact bone |
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Circumferential Lamallae |
around the entire inner and outer circumference of the shaft of long bone |
