Bone Tissue And Joints

Front 1

List the functions of the skeletal system:

Back 1

Physical support, Protection, Movement through attachment to skeletal muscles, blood formation occurs in the red marrow, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and detoxification.

Front 2

Name the principal bones of the axial and appendicular systems:

Back 2

Axial - the verticle axis consisting of the skull, middle-ear bones, hyoid, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column.
Appendicular - bones of the upper and lower extremeties and pelvic and pectoral girdles.

Front 3

Where does hemopoiesis occur?

Back 3

Hemopoiesis occurs in the marrow cavaties of certain bones.

Front 4

Describe the arrangement of compact and spongy bone in all bones.

Back 4

Compact bone forms the outside wall of the bone.
Spongy bone has many spaces and its found at the end of long bones and in the middle of flat bones. Always covered by a layer of compact bone.

Front 5

What connective tissue structure covers the bone except for articular cartilages at the epiphysis?

Back 5

The periosteum.

Front 6

Describe the hormones that affect bone and blood calcium levels.

Back 6

Parathyroid Harmone (PTH) is released when blood levels of ionic calcium decline. The increase stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone, releasing calcium to the blood. Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels temporarily.

Front 7

What are the effects of hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia?

Back 7

Hypocalcemia nervous system becomes hyperexcitable, sends implules to skeletal muscle causing tremors, spasms, or tetany that can cause suffocation.
Hypercalcemia - depression of the nervous system, emotional disturbances, muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, cardiac arrest.

Front 8

Contrast endochondral and intramembranous bone formation and give examples of bones that arise from each process.

Back 8

Intramembranous - embryonic mesenchyme changes into a very vascular sheet of soft tissue. Endochondral - bone developes from the embryonic hyaline cartilage pattern.
EX - Intramembranous - flat bones of the skull. Endochondral - except for the clavicle, all bones below the skull.

Front 9

Contrast osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclasts in origin and function.

Back 9

Osteoblast - bone forming cells Incapable of mitosis but when stress or fracture occur - osteogenic cells rapidly multiply and differentiate into osteoblasts.
Osteocytes- continues to maintain the matrix and it important in maintaining proper calcium and phosphate balance between blood and bone.
Osteoclasts - bone-dissolving cells - they break down the matrix and release minerals into the blood.

Front 10

What are the sesamoid and sutural or wormian bones?

Back 10

Sesamoid bones is a short type of bone that forms in the tendon. some clearly act to alter the direction of pull of a tendon others is not known,
Sutural bones are tiny irregulart bones or bone clusters that occur within sutures. Structurally unimportant and the significance is unknown.