Bone Physiology

Front 1

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

Back 1

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Storage
5. Blood Cell Production

Front 2

What is cartilage?

Back 2

-Firm, smooth, resilient, non-vascular connective tissue
-Able to withstand a force
-70-85% water, protein, ground substance

Front 3

What are the three types of cartilage?

Back 3

1. Hyaline
2. Elastic
3. Fibrocartilage

Front 4

Which cartilage is described by the following?
-Most common
-Forms cartilage on ends of every long bone
-Bridge of nose

Back 4

Hyaline

Front 5

Which cartilage is described by the following?
-Contains elastin
-External ear

Back 5

Elastic

Front 6

Which cartilage is described by the following?
-Strongest of all cartilages (weight-bearing)
-Intervertebral discs

Back 6

Fibrocartilage

Front 7

What type of cartilage cell is described by the following?
-Mature cartilage cell
-Located in a cavity called the lacuna
-Secrete matrix but is then trapped in the matrix they formed

Back 7

Chondrocyte

Front 8

What type of cell produces cartilage matrix? (collagen, proteoglycans)

Back 8

Chondroblasts

Front 9

What is the perichondrium?

Back 9

-Double layer of CT that covers most cartilage
-Nerve and blood supply

Front 10

What is articular cartilage?

Back 10

Hyaline cartilage within the joints and have no perichondrium
-No blood supply/perichondrium layer

Front 11

What are the two ways cartilage grows?

Back 11

1. Appositional growth
2. Interstitial growth

Front 12

________________ __________ is the way chondroblast cells secrete matrix around themselves and then get stuck inside, turning into chondrocytes (growth on outside)

Back 12

Appositional growth

Front 13

________________ __________ is growth from within the cartilage, unlike majority of "cyte" cells, chondrocytes can still secrete matrix, chondrocytes therefore will divide and secrete matrix between each other

Back 13

Interstitial growth (happens in youth)

Front 14

Cytes=?
Clasts=?
Blasts=?

Back 14

Maintain
Breakdown
Buildup

Front 15

What is the function of a osteoblast cell?

Back 15

-To produce collagen and proteoglycans (vesicles)
-Responsible for ossification (bone formation)
-Get trapped in the matrix they form

Front 16

What is a osteochondral progenitor cell?

Back 16

A stem cell that can become either a osteoblast or chondroblast cell

Front 17

What is an osteocyte?

Back 17

-An osteoblast surrounded by bone matrix
-Maintain ability to produce components necessary to maintain bone matrix

Front 18

What are the connecting cell processes in a bone matrix called?

Back 18

Canaliculus (how gases, waste products and stuff travels through bone matrix)

Front 19

What are osteoclasts?

Back 19

-Break down bone
-Large multi-nuclear cells
-Re-absorption of bone to release minerals, repair or remodel bone
-Breakdown bone with enzymes and acids

Front 20

What are the two classifications of bone tissue?

Back 20

1. Woven Bone
2. Lamellar Bone

Front 21

The following describe which classification of bone tissue?
-Randomly oriented collagen fibers
-Remodeling
-First type to be formed during repairs but is the digested

Back 21

Woven bone

Front 22

What classification of bone tissue is described by the following?
-Mature, adult bone organized in sheets or layers

Back 22

Lamellar bone

Front 23

What are the two types of lamellar bone?

Back 23

1. Spongy (cancellous) bone
2. Compact bone

Front 24

_______________ are connecting rods or plates in spongy (cancellous) bone.

Back 24

Trabeculae

Front 25

Blood vessels within compact bone travel within a central (haversian) canal, true or false.

Back 25

True, the blood vessels run along the length of the bone in haversian canals

Front 26

Lamellae are rings of calcified matrix and there are three types... what are these three types called?

Back 26

Concentric, circumferential and interstitial

Front 27

Lamellae found around central canal are the ___________ lamellae (they form the central canal).

Back 27

Concentric

Front 28

The central canal, contents, associated concentric lamellae and osteocytes collectively are known as what?

Back 28

Osteon or haversian system

Front 29

Lamellae that surround outside of the bone outside of osteons are called _____________ lamellae.

Back 29

Circumferential

Front 30

Lamellae that are remants of old osteons/cicumferential are called _____________ lamellae.

Back 30

Interstitial

Front 31

Central canals are connected by perforating ____________ canals that enter through periosteum and run perpendicular to blood vessels within central canal.

Back 31

Volkman

Front 32

What are the 3 different bone structures within the body? (shape)

Back 32

Long bones, flat bone and short/irregular bones

Front 33

What is the diaphysis?

Back 33

The shaft of a long bone that is made up of compact bone

Front 34

What is the epiphysis?

Back 34

The end of the long bone that is composed of cancellous bone

Front 35

The inside cavity of a long bone is known as the ______________ cavity.

Back 35

Medullary

Front 36

The growth plate that is found between the epiphysis and diaphysis is known as the _____________ _________.

Back 36

Epiphyseal plate

Front 37

What is articular cartilage?

Back 37

Hyaline cartilage located at the ends of long bones that articulates at joints

Front 38

What are the connective tissue layers in order from superficial to deep?

Back 38

Periosteum (inner and outer layer)
Endosteum

Front 39

Which layer of the periosteum contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteochondral progenitor cells?

Back 39

The inner layer

Front 40

Which layer of the periosteum contains dense connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves?

Back 40

The outer layer

Front 41

The innermost connective tissue lining all internal surfaces within bones that allows for bone remodelling on both sides of the bone is known as what?

Back 41

The endosteum

Front 42

In adult bones, epiphyseal plates become epiphyseal _______.

Back 42

Lines

Front 43

Bone development is referred to as what?

Back 43

Osteogenesis or ossification

Front 44

The mesenchyme becomes what?

Back 44

Osteochondral progenitor cells

Front 45

What are the two ways in which bone can be formed?

Back 45

Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification

Front 46

Bone formation in connective tissue membranes where osteoblasts ossify the membrane formed by mesenchyme cells to make it bone is which kind of bone formation?

Back 46

Intramembranous ossification

Front 47

Bone formation in cartilage, when cartilage is formed but then turned into bone by chondroblasts and ossification of the matrix formed by them that forms woven bone is called?

Back 47

Endochondral ossification

Front 48

Bone can grow only interstitially, not appositional, true or false?

Back 48

FALSE, there's no interstitial bone growth since the osteoblasts cannot divide when they're trapped within the matrix, bone only GROWS appositionally

Front 49

Bone growth occurs in what two directions?

Back 49

Bone length and bone width

Front 50

What are the zones when bones grow length wise?

Back 50

1. Zone of resting cartilage
2. Zone of proliferations
3. Zone of hypertrophy
4. Zone of calcification
5. Ossified bone

Front 51

Which bone growth zone possesses the following characteristics?
-Mature chondrocytes and hyaline cartilage slowly divide
-Anchors epiphysis to diaphysis

Back 51

Zone of resting cartilage

Front 52

Which bone growth zone possesses the following characteristics?
-Chondrocyte cells are rapidly dividing, forming stacks

Back 52

Zone of proliferations

Front 53

Which bone growth zone possesses the following characteristics?
-Not bone but calcified cartilage
-Chondrocytes then die off, creating a space within the matrix and the blood vessels can now enter the spaces and bring osteoblasts from endosteum layer
-Osteoblasts secrete matrix and allow it to become ossified

Back 53

Zone of hypertophy