Bone And Joints

Front 1

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into ________

Back 1

Osteoblasts

Front 2

Osteoblasts secrete _________

Back 2

Osteoid (unmineralized ECM of bone)

Front 3

_________ occurs in fields of mesenchyme without a precursor cartillage model

Back 3

Intramembraneous ossification

Front 4

____ occurs in feilds of messenchyme with a cartillage model

Back 4

Endochondral ossification

Front 5

Where does intramembraneous ossification occur?

Back 5

Vault of skull, facial bones, maxilla, mandible, part of clavicle

Front 6

Sequence of intramembraneous ossification

Back 6

messenchyme-->osteblasts->osteoid--> small fragments of bone--->fuse to form plates

Front 7

Diploe

Back 7

Two plates sandwiching spongy bone

Front 8

Characteristics and location of Diploe

Back 8

Light and strong

Front 9

Endochondrial ossification form _____

Back 9

the rest of the bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton (aside vault of skull/face)

Front 10

Hyaline cartilage from the model in endochondrial ossification persists in children at ______

Back 10

the ephyseal plate and articular surfaces

Front 11

Hyaline cartilage from the model in endochondrial ossification persists in adults at ______

Back 11

only articular surfaces

Front 12

Three types of joints

Back 12

Fibrous, cartilagenous, and synovial

Front 13

Examples of fibrous joints

Back 13

skull sutures, bone fibrous CT

Front 14

Examples of cartilagenous joint

Back 14

Symphysis pubis, intevetebrial discs

Front 15

Movement of fibrous joints

Back 15

Fixed

Front 16

Movement of Cartilagenous joints

Back 16

Limited movement

Front 17

Examples of synovial joints

Back 17

Elbow, wrist, knee

Front 18

Definition of synovial joint

Back 18

Bones joined by encapsulating ligamentous structures

Front 19

Definition of cartialgenous joint

Back 19

Bones joined by fibrous cartilage

Front 20

Synovial membrane exudes ______

Back 20

Synovial fluid lubricant

Front 21

Location of Intracapsular pads

Back 21

Located in many synovial joints

Front 22

Structure of intracapsular pads

Back 22

fibrocatilage

Front 23

Result of stress on intracapsular pads

Back 23

tear, resulting in swelling and joint pan (corrected by arthroscopic surgery)

Front 24

Function of bones

Back 24

Supportive framework for body, Attachment site for muscles, protects vital organs, calcium reserve

Front 25

Bones can/can not self repair while cartialge can/can not self repair

Back 25

Can

Front 26

Cartilage ECM contains ________

Back 26

proteoglycans, glycoproteins and water

Front 27

Bone ECM contains

Back 27

proteoglycans, glycoproteins, water and hydroxyapatite (complex calcium salt)

Front 28

Cartillage contains mostly Type _ Collagen

Back 28

II

Front 29

Bone contains motsly Type _ Collagen

Back 29

I

Front 30

Location of hyaline cartilage

Back 30

Articular surface of long bones, rib-sternum, trachea, bronchi

Front 31

Hyaline cartilage is vascual/avascular

Back 31

avascular

Front 32

Hyalin cartilage has a lot/alittle elastin

Back 32

A little (low level of elastictiy)

Front 33

Functions of hylain cartilage

Back 33

Cushions, attaches, supports

Front 34

Where is elastic cartilage found?

Back 34

Pinna, epiglottis, larynx

Front 35

How is elastic cartialge different than hylaine cartillage?

Back 35

It has more ealstin and elastic fibers

Front 36

How can you distinguish EC from HC?

Back 36

You need to use special stains

Front 37

What does fibrocartilage look like?

Back 37

Tendon with small nests of chondrocytes scattered throughout

Front 38

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Back 38

Intervertebral discs, symphis pubis, where tendons insert bone (entheses), menisci of knee, labrum of shoulder

Front 39

What kinds of cartilage can ossify into bone?

Back 39

Hylaine cartilage (i.e. Adam's apple) and laryngeal cartilage

Front 40

Bone is composed mostly of _______crystals

Back 40

Hydroxyapatite

Front 41

Bone turns over quickly/slowly

Back 41

Slowly (3%/yr for compact, 25%/yr for spongy)

Front 42

Bone's role in hematopoesis

Back 42

Provide shielded compartment

Front 43

Morphology of gross long bone

Back 43

epiphyses at both ends, metaphyses and a cventral diaphesis (long shaft)

Front 44

In a child ___ is the site of growth in length

Back 44

ephyseal plate

Front 45

Blood vessesl come from the _____ and penetrate deep into bone

Back 45

periosteum

Front 46

Define: lamallae

Back 46

layers of calcified matrices with embedded osteocytes

Front 47

Define: Osteon

Back 47

Synonym for haversian system

Front 48

Osteocytes are connected into a network of cells joined by ____ and surrounded by a ______

Back 48

gap junctions

Front 49

Where do osetocytes occupy?

Back 49

Lamallae

Front 50

Compact bone is an internal/external variety

Back 50

External

Front 51

Structure of compact bone

Back 51

Haversian systems, support columns, centered on haversian canals (blood vessels)

Front 52

Spongy bone is an internal/external variety

Back 52

internal

Front 53

Structure of spongy bone

Back 53

includes trebeculae arranged around reticulum of blood vessels

Front 54

Haveersian systems contain ______ and a ______

Back 54

lamellae arranged concentriacally around blood vessels and a haversian canal containing a blood vessel

Front 55

Define: endosteum

Back 55

Layer of fibroblast-like osteprogenitor cells on outside and inside of mature bone

Front 56

What does the endosteum form?

Back 56

Osteoblasts and new bone

Front 57

When is the endosteum activated?

Back 57

Fracture repair and remodeling

Front 58

Define: Osteoblasts

Back 58

mononucleate cells that are responsible for bone formation

Front 59

Define: osteocytes

Back 59

Mature cells in laccunae of lamellae that BULID BONE

Front 60

Define: Osteclasts

Back 60

removes bone tissue by removing its mineralized matrix and breaking up the organic bone

Front 61

Blood calcium level is regulated around ___

Back 61

8.9-10.1

Front 62

When calcium decreases ____ produced by the _____ is screted

Back 62

PTH; parathyroid

Front 63

Calcium is required in the blood for:

Back 63

Muscle contraction and nerve conduction

Front 64

What happens when PTH is secreted?

Back 64

Osteocytes mobilize the matrix and PTH increases

Front 65

Secondary effects of PTH

Back 65

increased Ca absorption in gut

Front 66

Antagonist of PTH

Back 66

Calcitonin

Front 67

Effect of calcitonin

Back 67

inhibits osteolysis

Front 68

What forms a callus?

Back 68

Hylaine cartialge

Front 69

A callus ossifies to form a ______

Back 69

Bony callus

Front 70

The _____ repairs fractures completely.

Back 70

Bony callus

Front 71

T/F: Bony callus is stronger than the original bone

Back 71

True (rarely breaks in the same place)