Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
IF 'BODY WATER VOLUME' increases what happens to 'BLOOD VOLUME' and 'BLOOD PRESSURE' respectively?
|
"BLOOD VOLUME = INCREASES
|
|
|
IF 'BODY WATER VOLUME' decreases what happens to 'BLOOD VOLUME' and 'BLOOD PRESSURE' respectively?
|
"BLOOD VOLUME = DECREASES
|
|
|
What is this referred to as?"
|
"50-60%
|
|
|
What are the 2 types of 'FLUID COMPARTMENTS'?
|
"1. INTRACELLULAR (ICF)
|
|
|
What is 'INTRACELLULAR FLUID' defined as?
|
'FLUID' CONTAINED IN THE CELLS
|
|
|
What is 'EXTRACELLULAR FLUID' characterized as?
|
"ALL FLUID NOT CONTAINED IN CELLS.
|
|
|
What fluid is considered to be 'TRANSCELLULAR FLUID'?
|
CSF (Cerebral Spinal Fluid)
|
|
|
Of the 50-60% 'TOTAL BODY WATER', what percentage represents 'INTRACELLULAR FLUID' (ICF)?
|
35-40%
|
|
|
Of the 50-60% 'TOTAL BODY WATER', what percentage represents 'EXTRACELLULAR FLUID' (ECF)?
|
ICF = 10-20% of 'TOTAL BODY WATER' Weight (TBW)
|
|
|
'EXTRACELLULAR FLUID' is separated into 2 sub-groups. What are the sub-groups?
|
"1. INTERSTITIAL
|
|
|
What 'PERCENTAGE' of 'EXTRACELLULAR FLUID' is 'INTERSTITIAL FLUID'?
|
"The majority of (ECF) is Interstitial Fluid
|
|
|
What 'PERCENTAGE' of 'EXTRACELLULAR FLUID' is 'PLASMA' FLUID?
|
"The minority of (ECF) is Plasma Fluid
|
|
|
What is the 'TOTAL BODY WATER' (TBW) for infants and young children?
|
80% TBW
|
|
|
'TOTAL BODY WATER' (TBW) DECREASES WITH AGE."
|
"TRUE
|
|
|
Why?"
|
"WOMEN
|
|
|
What percentage of 'BLOOD' is composed of 'WATER'?
|
BLOOD = 55% WATER (H2O)
|
|
|
What is 'DEHYDRATION' or 'HYPOVOLEMIA' characterized as?
|
LACK OF WATER (H2O)
|
|
|
What is 'WATER INTOXICATION' or 'HYPERVOLEMIA' characterized as?
|
EXCESSIVE WATER (H2O) INTAKE
|
|
|
What is the 'AVERAGE' water intake per day?
|
2500ml or 2.5L
|
|
|
What is 'EDEMA' characterized as?
|
LARGE AMOUNTS OF FLUID IN THE 'INTERSTITIAL' SPACE
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM)"
|
"ADH = ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE
|
|
|
What is the function of a 'DIURETIC'?
|
"'INCREASES' URINARY OUTPUT.
|
|
|
What is 'DIABETES INSIPIDOUS' characterized as?
|
"LACK OF ADH (ANTI DIURETIC-HORMONE)
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 6 CAUSES)"
|
"1. DECREASED WATER INTAKE
|
|
|
What are some of the 'symptoms' of 'HYPOVOLEMIA' / 'DEHYDRATION'?
|
"1. LOSS OF WEIGHT
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 3 CAUSES)"
|
"1. EXCESSIVE IV ADMINISTRATION
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 7 OF SYMPTOMS)"
|
"1. DECREASED BODY TEMPERATURE
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 3 RESPONSES)"
|
"1. INHIBITION OF THIRST VIA HYPOTHALAMUS
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 4 RESPONSES)"
|
"1. LESS SALIVARY SECRETION
|
|
|
What are the 'EFFECTS' after 1% (0.7L) of 'TOTAL BODY WATER' has been lost?
|
1. THIRST
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 3 OF EFFECTS)"
|
"1. LETHARGY
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 2 EFFECTS)"
|
"1. INCOORDINATION
|
|
|
These 2 'HORMONES' are 'MADE' in the 'HYPOTHALAMUS'.
|
"1. ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
|
|
|
What 2 'HORMONES' are released from the 'POSTERIOR PITUITARY'?
|
"1. ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
|
|
|
HOW DOES THIS WORK?"
|
"WATER PILLS = DIURETIC
|
|
|
'CAFFEINE' CAUSES INCREASED URINARY OUTPUT BECAUSE IT ACTS AS A WHAT?
|
DIURETIC
|
|
|
'INCREASED' osmolarity stimulates the release of what?
|
ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
|
|
|
'DECREASED' osmolarity inhibits the release of what?
|
ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
|
|
|
(*2 THINGS)"
|
"1. DISTAL TUBULES
|
|
|
What is considered to be the 'UNIVERSAL' solvent?
|
WATER (H2O)
|
|
|
What is a 'SOLUTE' defined as?
|
"DISSOLVED SUBSTANCE
|
|
|
What is a 'SOLVENT' defined as?
|
"SUBSTANCE IN WHICH THE SOLUTE IS DISSOLVED
|
|
|
What does 'mg%' mean?
|
mg (SOLUTE) / 100 ml (SOLUTION)
|
|
|
How do you make a liter of '500 mg% GLUCOSE'?
|
"500mg / 100ml x 1000ml/ 1L
|
|
|
What is 'MOLARITY' (M) defined as?
|
MOLES SOLUTE / LITER
|
|
|
A 'MOLE' consists of how many 'MOLECULES'?
|
"'AVOGADRO'S NUMBER'
|
|
|
What is an 'ACID' defined as?
|
"'DISSOCIATES' in water to form 'HYDROGEN IONS' (H+) AND 'ANIONS'
|
|
|
What defined a 'STRONG ACID'?
|
"AN ACID THAT CAN 'COMPLETELY' DISSOCIATE.
|
|
|
What defines a 'WEAK ACID'?
|
"HOLD ON TO 'MOST' OF THEIR HYDROGEN IONS.
|
|
|
What are some examples?"
|
"BASES = DISSOCIATE TO FORM OH- and CATIONS WHEN ADDED TO WATER
|
|
|
What is an example of this?"
|
"WHEN ACIDS REACT WITH BASES
|
|
|
What is released when equal amounts of 'ACIDS' and 'BASES' are mixed when 'salts' are formed?
|
"HEAT
|
|
|
*Constant"
|
Kw= 10^-7 Molarity (M)
|
|
|
What happens to the pH?"
|
"HYDROGEN ION CONC. 'INCREASES'
|
|
|
What happens to the pH?"
|
"HYDROGEN ION CONC. 'DECREASES'
|
|
|
What is scale of the pH system?
|
"1 through 14
|
|
|
On the 'pH SCALE', when there is an increase by '1 UNIT', how much is the 'HYDROGEN CONCENTRATION' decreasing?
|
DECREASES BY FACTOR OF 10
|
|
|
What is the definition of a 'BUFFER'?
|
"SOLUTIONS OF 'TWO' OR 'MORE' CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS THAT PREVENT MARKED CHANGES IN [H+] (pH).
|
|
|
What is the 'BICARBONATE BUFFER'?
|
"H2CO3 and NaHCO3
|
|
|
Why does adding a 'STRONG ACID' to the 'BICARBONATE BUFFER' prevent a large pH change?
|
"H+ is transferred from a 'STRONG ACID' to a 'WEAK ACID'
|
|
|
The 'pH' of 'BLOOD' and 'BODY FLUIDS' are regulated by what three mechanisms / organs?
|
"1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (LUNGS)
|
|
|
How does the 'RESPIRATORY SYSTEM' regulate 'pH'?
|
CONTROLS LEVELS OF 'CARBON DIOXIDE' CO2 IN THE FLUIDS/BLOOD.
|
|
|
How do the 'KIDNEYS' regulate 'pH'?
|
CONTROL [HCO3-] IN BODY FLUIDS VIA ACID EXCRETION.
|
|
|
'RED BLOOD CELLS' are work as a good 'BUFFER' system. Why?
|
'RED BLOOD CELLS' contain 'HEMOGLOBIN' which has 'HIGH' histodine content.
|
|
|
HOW MANY 'O2' MOLECULES CAN ONE 'HEMOGLOBIN' MOLECULE CARRY?
|
4 O2 MOLECULES
|
|
|
Why?"
|
"PROCEED TO THE 'RIGHT'
|
|
|
How is the 'BICARBONATE BUFFER' equation written?
|
CO2 + H2O = H2C03 = HC03- + H+
|
|
|
When is it used?"
|
"pH = 6.1 + log [HCO3-] / [CO2]
|
|
|
What do the 'KIDNEYS' do if the 'BLOOD' pH is too high? (BASIC)
|
KIDNEYS EXCRETE 'BICARBONATE' INTO THE URINE.
|
|
|
What do the 'KIDNEYS' do if the 'BLOOD' pH is too low? (ACIDIC)
|
"KIDNEYS RETAIN 'BICARBONATE' AND PUT IT BACK INTO THE BLOOD.
|
|
|
What is the 'normal' range for pH in 'BLOOD'?
|
"7.35 - 7.45pH
|
|
|
What are the 4 'ACID-BASE' disorders in the human body?
|
"1. RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
|
|
|
What is 'METABOLIC ACIDOSIS' defined as?
|
"LOW pH (INCREASED H+ IONS)
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 4 'SYMPTOMS')"
|
"1. SEVERE DIARRHEA (LOSS OF BICARBONATE)
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 3 'SYMPTOMS')"
|
"LOW pH (INCREASED H+ IONS)
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM)"
|
"1. DISORIENTATION
|
|
|
What is 'METABOLIC ALKALOSIS' defined as?
|
"HIGH pH (DECREASED H+ IONS)
|
|
|
What is 'RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS' defined as?
|
"HIGH pH (DECREASED H+ IONS)
|
|
|
'RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS' may be caused by the following 3 things. What are they?
|
"1. FEVER
|
|
|
'METABOLIC ALKALOSIS' may be caused by the following 2 things. What are they?
|
"1. VOMITING (LOSS OF STOMACH ACID)
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM)"
|
"1. OVEREXCITABILITY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
|
|
|
4. 99.5%"
|
3. 50-60%
|
|
|
4. YELLOW JAUNDICE, LOSS OF HAIR, AND AN INCREASE IN THE HEMATOCRIT"
|
1. DECREASED TEMP., INCREASED B.P., EDEMA
|
|
|
4. THE HEART"
|
3. THE KIDNEYS
|
|
|
4. 116 gm of NaCl in 100 ml"
|
3. 58 gm of NaCl in one liter
|
|
|
4. METABOLIC ACIDOSIS"
|
1. RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
|
|
|
4. 7.35 to 7.45"
|
4. 7.35 to 7.45
|
|
|
Most of the body water is in the 'intracellular space'"
|
TRUE
|
|
|
A person that has lost 15-20% of their body water may die."
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Most of the 'extracellular fluid' is plasma"
|
FALSE
|
|
|
The 'kidneys' regulate body pH by regulating CO2."
|
FALSE
|
