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75 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Normal lab values:
WBC
4.5 - 11
Normal lab values:
Hgb
14 - 18
Normal lab values:
Hct
40 - 54
Normal lab values:
Platelets
150 - 350
Normal lab values:
Na+
135 - 145
Normal lab values:
K+
3.5 - 5
Normal lab values:
Cl-
96 - 106
Normal lab values:
CO2
22 - 29
Normal lab values:
BUN
11 - 23
Normal lab values:
Creatinine
0.7 - 1.5
BUN/Creatinine ratio
B/C: > 20 = prerenal

10-15 = renal

< 10 = post renal
Normal lab values:
Glucose
70-115
Normal lab values:
Ca2+
9 - 11
Normal lab values:
Iron
75 - 175
Normal lab values:
TIBC
260 - 470
Normal lab values:
Ferritin
Ferritin: 27-270
Normal lab values:
HbA1c
HbA1C: 4-6% (DM < 7)
Normal lab values:
Alk phos
Alk phos: 40-120
Normal lab values:
ALT
ALT: (AKA SGPT)

10-40
Normal lab values:
AST
AST: (AKA SGOT)

10-59
Normal lab values:
CKMB
CKMB: < 10
Normal lab values:
Troponin I
Troponin I: < 0.4
Normal lab values:
INR
INR: 0.9-1.3 (normal)

2-3 (on Warfarin)

2.5-3.5 (♥ valve)
Normal lab values:
PT
PT: 9-12.5 sec
Normal lab values:
PTT
PTT: 20-35
Normal lab values:
ESR
ESR: ♂ < 20, ♀ < 30
Normal lab values:
TSH
TSH: 0.5-5
Normal lab values:
Free T4
Free T4: 0.8-1.8
Causes of ↑ WBCs
Stress/pain, Infection, inflammation, anoxia, drugs
Causes of ↑ neutrophils
Acute bacterial infection, acute inflammation, DK, uremia, thyroid storm, Hemorrhage, hemolytic anemia, tissue necrosis, steroids
Causes of ↑ lymphocytes
Viral infections, chronic inflammation
Causes of ↑ Monocytes
Viral or bacterial infections
Causes of ↑ Eosinophils
Type I hypersensitivity, parasites
Causes of ↑ platelets
Infection, myeloproliferative disorders
Causes of ↓ platelets
Marrow depression, Mono
Causes of hypercalcemia
CHIMPANZEES:

Calcium ingestion (massive)
Hyperparathyoidism
Iatrogenic (thiazides)
Multiple myeloma
Paget's
Addison's
Neoplasm
Zollinger - Ellison
Excess vitamin A, &/or D
Sarcoidosis
Causes of hypocalcemia
Hypoalbuminemia

S/P thyroidectomy

Acute pancreatitis

ARF

↓ Mg2+
Adjusted calcium equation
Ca2+ – albumin + 4
Causes of ↑ serum chloride
Respiratory alkalosis

Pyelonephritis

Severe dehydration

DI
Causes of ↓ serum chloride
Metabolic alkalosis

loop diuretics

Gastric outlet obstruction (pyloric stenosis or NG tube suction)
Causes of hyperglycemia
DM

Acute pancreatitis

Cushing’s

Anabolic steroids
DM Dx criteria
Random serum glucose >200

Fasting glucose > 126

+ glucose tolerance test
Causes of hyperkalemia
Renal failure

IV therapy

Thrombocytosis/leukocytosis
Causes of hypokalemia
Vomiting/diarrhea

Diuretics
Causes of hypernatremia
Excess sodium or bicarb

Hypertonic IV

Water deficit; DM, excessive sweating or diarrhea
Causes of hyponatremia
Euvolemic: SIADH, psychogenic polydipsia, Oxytocin use

Hypervolemic: Heart failure, renal failure, nephrotix, cirrhosis, toxemia

Hypovolemic: dehydration, diuretics, DM, Addison's
Causes of ↓ serum albumin
Liver Dz

Malabsorption

Malnutrition
Causes of ↑ alk phos
Cholestasis, obstructive & Hepatocellular problems, CHF, malignancy, hyperthyroidism, late MI, pregnancy
Meds that ↑ liver NZs
Antibiotics, antiepileptics, statins, NSAIDS, sulfonylureas, booze, herbs
Causes of
↑ aminotransferases
Booze, meds, chronic Hep B/C, strenuous exercise, Mono, acute pancreatitis
Causes of ↑ total Bilirubin
Liver disease

Congenital hyperbilirubinemia,

Hemolytic anemia

Malnutrition
Causes of ↑ total proteins
Chronic infection

Dehydration

Hemolysis
RPF
RPF = PAH clearance
RBF
RBF = RPF/ (1 – Hematocrit)
FF
FF = GFR/RPF = creatinine clearance/PAH clearance
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory acidosis:

pH < 7.4, PCO2 > 40mmHg

Hypoventilation

Airway obstruction or acute lung disease
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic acidosis:

pH < 7.4, PCO2 < 40mmHg

Anion gap = Na – (Cl + HCO3-)

Normal anion gap (8 – 12):
RTA, diarrhea, glue sniffing

High anion gap: MUDPILES
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis:

pH > 7.4, PCO2 < 40mmHg

Hyperventilation
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis:

pH > 7.4, PCO2 > 40mmHg

Vomiting, diuretics
Acute renal failure
Acute renal failure:

Abrupt decline in GFR (elevated serum creatinine)

First sign: dilute piss

Elevated BUN & Creatinine, but BUN/Creatinine ratio is normal
Azotemia
Azotemia:

Elevated BUN w/out symptoms
Anuria
Anuria:

Urine output < 50 ml/day
Oliguria
Oliguria:

Urine output < 400 ml/day

Poor prognostic sign in ARF
Prerenal renal failure Tx
Fluids!
Tx of hyperkalemia
Tx of hyperkalemia: C BIG K

Calcium, bicarb/beta blocker, insulin, glucose, kayexalate
RBC casts
Nephritix

Ischemia

Malignant hypertension
WBC casts
Acute Pyelonephritis

Acute interstitial nephritis
Waxy casts
Advanced renal Dz

chronic renal failure
Lipid casts
Nephrotix
Granular or muddy - brown casts
ATN (Acute tubular necrosis)
Nephritics
Post-strep GN
Crescentic GN
Lupus
Berger’s
Alport’s

Associated w/infection

Hematuria, HTN, moderate proteinuria (< 3.5 g/day)
Nephrotics
Membranous (Spike & dome) Minimal ∆
Focal segmental
kimmelstiel-Wilson (DM)

No HTN or hematuria

Lipid casts
Severe edema
Heavy proteinuria (>3.5)
Goodpasture's
Goodpasture: (Crescentic)

Anti-GBM disease

P-ANCA

Linear immunofluorescence

Type II hypersensitivity rxn
Post-strep GN
Post-strep GN:

10-14 days after Strep throat
Berger's
Berger's: (IgA nephropathy)

Within days of a URI

May be associated w/Henoch-Schonlein purpura