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46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Layers of the gut wall?
(1) Mucosa
(2) submucosa
(3)muscularis externa
(4) Serosa/adventitia
Where are the following absorbed....
(1) Iron
(2) Folate
(3) Vitamin B12
(1) Duodenum
(2) jejunum
(3) Ileum
What secretes intrinsic factor that helps Vitamin B12 to be absorbed in the ileum?
parietal cells in the stomach
Condition where you form autoantibodies to gluten (gliaden)?
celiac sprue
What organism is associated with whipple disease?
Tropheryma whippelii
What serum antibodies are associated with celiac sprue?
abs to tissue trans glutaminase and gliaden or gluten
This is telescoping of 1 bowel segment into another and can cause JELLY stools?
intussusception
Carcinoid tumors can be located in the following locations?
small bowel, appendix, and the lungs
Classic sxs of carcinoid syndrome from a carcinoid tumor outside of the gut (in the lung)?
(1) weezing-bronchospasm
(2) r sided heart murmurs
(3) diarrhea
(4) flushing
Radiography reveals a "string sign" in the terminal ileum?
chron's disease
Common causes of small bowel obstruction
adhesions, hernia, and tumors
What are the rate limiting enzymes for the following processes
(1) glycolysis
(2) gluconeogenesis
(3) TCA cycle
(4) Glycogen synthesis
(5) glycogenolysis
(6) HMP shunt
(1)PFK1
(2)Fructose 1,6-bisphophatase
(3)isocitrate dh
(4)glycogen synthase
(5)glycogen phosphorylase
(6)G6PD
What are the rate limiting enzymes of the following processes...
(1) De novo pyrimidine synthesis
(2) De novo purine synthesis
(1)carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
(2) glutamine PRPP amidotransferase
MC glycolytic enzyme deficiency which causes hemolytic anemia?
pyruvate kinase deficiency
This enzyme makes F2,6BP which stimulates PFK1 and causes more glycolysis?
phosphofructokinase II
What are the four irreversible enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis?
"Pathway Produces Fresh Glucose?
(1) pyruvate carboxylase
(2)PEP carboxy kinase
(3) F1,6 BPTase
(6) glucose 6 phosphatase
What effects do glucagon and insulin have on glycolysis?
glucagon--> decrease in PFK

Insulin---> increase in PFK
Clinical consequence of having a glycolytic enzyme deficiency?
hemolytic anemia (inability to maintain Na/K Atpase...cell swelling and lysis
Severe fasting hypoglycemia, increased glycogen in liver, and hepatosplenomegaly?

What enzyme is deficient?
Von Gierke's disease


glucose-6-phosphatase (liver)
A deficiency in the debranching enzyme (alpha 1, 6 glucosidase)?
cori's disease
An increase in muscle glycogen with painful cramps and myoglubinuria with exercise?

What enzyme is lacking?
McArdle's Disease

glycogen phosphorylase (skeletal muscle)
A lysosomal alpha 1, 4 glucosidase deficiency that keads to cardiomegaly and early death?
Pompe's disease
What are the possible fates of pyruvate?
(1) acetyl CoA
(2) Lactic acid
(3) alanine
(4) oxaloacetate
What are the two main nitrogen transporters in the blood?
alanine and glutamine
5 cofactors required to complete both pyruvate DH complex and the alpha ketoglutarate DH?
"TLC For No one"
(1) Thiamine
(2) Lipoic acid
(3) CoA
(4) FAD
(5) NAD
What cofactor is required by all aminotransferases?
pyridoxal phosphate (Vit B6)
Findings of vomiting, rice water stools, and GARLIC BREATH?
Arsenic poisoning (inhibits lipoic acid)
Major regulatory enzymes in the TCA cycle?
(1) citrate synthase
(2) isocitrate dh
(3) alpha ketoglutarate dh
name some ETC inhibitors
(1) cyanide
(2) carbon monoxide
(3) rotenone
(4) antimycin A
(5) amytal
(6) azide
(7) hydrogen sulfide
Name some ETC uncoupling agents which produce heat?
(1) 2,4 dinitrophenol
(2) ASA
(3) thermogenin in brown fat
What is the triad of plummer vinson symdrome?
(1) dysphagia from esophageal web
(2) glossitis
(3) Iron deficiency anemia
What are Heinz bodies?
oxidized hemoglobin precipitated in RBCs
Enzyme deficient in essential fructosuria?
fructokinase
Enzyme deficient in fructose intolerance?
aldolase B
Presents with failure to thrive, jaundice, hepatomegaly, infantile cataracts, and MR?

What enzyme is missing?
classic galactosemia

galactose 1P uridyltransferase
Main ketone bodies formed by the liver?
acetoacetate and beta hydroxybutyrate
Rate limiting enzyme in ketone body synthesis?
HMG Coa Synthase
Inhibits acetaldehyde dh allowing acetaldehyde to build up when consuming alcohol?
disulfiram
Inhibits alcohol dh and its the antidote for methanl and ethylene glycol poisoning?
Fomepizole
What medications are used to shrink prolactinomas?
dopamine agonists...bromocriptine and cabergoline
When stimulated, the lateral area of the hypothalamus causes hunger. What inhibits this area?
Leptin
Adipocytes make this hormone which inihibits the lateral area of the hypothalamus and stimulates the ventromedial area?
leptin
At what BMI is a patient considered obese?
greater than 30
What range within the BMI is the overweight range?
25-30
measure of weight adjusted for height?
BMI
Five categories for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome?
(1) abdominal obesity
(2) TGs
(3) HDL
(4) BP
(5) glucose