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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Layers of the gut wall?
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(1) Mucosa
(2) submucosa (3)muscularis externa (4) Serosa/adventitia |
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Where are the following absorbed....
(1) Iron (2) Folate (3) Vitamin B12 |
(1) Duodenum
(2) jejunum (3) Ileum |
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What secretes intrinsic factor that helps Vitamin B12 to be absorbed in the ileum?
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parietal cells in the stomach
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Condition where you form autoantibodies to gluten (gliaden)?
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celiac sprue
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What organism is associated with whipple disease?
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Tropheryma whippelii
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What serum antibodies are associated with celiac sprue?
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abs to tissue trans glutaminase and gliaden or gluten
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This is telescoping of 1 bowel segment into another and can cause JELLY stools?
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intussusception
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Carcinoid tumors can be located in the following locations?
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small bowel, appendix, and the lungs
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Classic sxs of carcinoid syndrome from a carcinoid tumor outside of the gut (in the lung)?
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(1) weezing-bronchospasm
(2) r sided heart murmurs (3) diarrhea (4) flushing |
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Radiography reveals a "string sign" in the terminal ileum?
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chron's disease
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Common causes of small bowel obstruction
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adhesions, hernia, and tumors
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What are the rate limiting enzymes for the following processes
(1) glycolysis (2) gluconeogenesis (3) TCA cycle (4) Glycogen synthesis (5) glycogenolysis (6) HMP shunt |
(1)PFK1
(2)Fructose 1,6-bisphophatase (3)isocitrate dh (4)glycogen synthase (5)glycogen phosphorylase (6)G6PD |
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What are the rate limiting enzymes of the following processes...
(1) De novo pyrimidine synthesis (2) De novo purine synthesis |
(1)carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
(2) glutamine PRPP amidotransferase |
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MC glycolytic enzyme deficiency which causes hemolytic anemia?
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pyruvate kinase deficiency
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This enzyme makes F2,6BP which stimulates PFK1 and causes more glycolysis?
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phosphofructokinase II
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What are the four irreversible enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis?
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"Pathway Produces Fresh Glucose?
(1) pyruvate carboxylase (2)PEP carboxy kinase (3) F1,6 BPTase (6) glucose 6 phosphatase |
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What effects do glucagon and insulin have on glycolysis?
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glucagon--> decrease in PFK
Insulin---> increase in PFK |
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Clinical consequence of having a glycolytic enzyme deficiency?
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hemolytic anemia (inability to maintain Na/K Atpase...cell swelling and lysis
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Severe fasting hypoglycemia, increased glycogen in liver, and hepatosplenomegaly?
What enzyme is deficient? |
Von Gierke's disease
glucose-6-phosphatase (liver) |
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A deficiency in the debranching enzyme (alpha 1, 6 glucosidase)?
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cori's disease
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An increase in muscle glycogen with painful cramps and myoglubinuria with exercise?
What enzyme is lacking? |
McArdle's Disease
glycogen phosphorylase (skeletal muscle) |
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A lysosomal alpha 1, 4 glucosidase deficiency that keads to cardiomegaly and early death?
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Pompe's disease
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What are the possible fates of pyruvate?
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(1) acetyl CoA
(2) Lactic acid (3) alanine (4) oxaloacetate |
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What are the two main nitrogen transporters in the blood?
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alanine and glutamine
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5 cofactors required to complete both pyruvate DH complex and the alpha ketoglutarate DH?
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"TLC For No one"
(1) Thiamine (2) Lipoic acid (3) CoA (4) FAD (5) NAD |
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What cofactor is required by all aminotransferases?
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pyridoxal phosphate (Vit B6)
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Findings of vomiting, rice water stools, and GARLIC BREATH?
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Arsenic poisoning (inhibits lipoic acid)
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Major regulatory enzymes in the TCA cycle?
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(1) citrate synthase
(2) isocitrate dh (3) alpha ketoglutarate dh |
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name some ETC inhibitors
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(1) cyanide
(2) carbon monoxide (3) rotenone (4) antimycin A (5) amytal (6) azide (7) hydrogen sulfide |
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Name some ETC uncoupling agents which produce heat?
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(1) 2,4 dinitrophenol
(2) ASA (3) thermogenin in brown fat |
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What is the triad of plummer vinson symdrome?
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(1) dysphagia from esophageal web
(2) glossitis (3) Iron deficiency anemia |
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What are Heinz bodies?
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oxidized hemoglobin precipitated in RBCs
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Enzyme deficient in essential fructosuria?
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fructokinase
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Enzyme deficient in fructose intolerance?
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aldolase B
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Presents with failure to thrive, jaundice, hepatomegaly, infantile cataracts, and MR?
What enzyme is missing? |
classic galactosemia
galactose 1P uridyltransferase |
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Main ketone bodies formed by the liver?
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acetoacetate and beta hydroxybutyrate
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Rate limiting enzyme in ketone body synthesis?
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HMG Coa Synthase
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Inhibits acetaldehyde dh allowing acetaldehyde to build up when consuming alcohol?
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disulfiram
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Inhibits alcohol dh and its the antidote for methanl and ethylene glycol poisoning?
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Fomepizole
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What medications are used to shrink prolactinomas?
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dopamine agonists...bromocriptine and cabergoline
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When stimulated, the lateral area of the hypothalamus causes hunger. What inhibits this area?
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Leptin
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Adipocytes make this hormone which inihibits the lateral area of the hypothalamus and stimulates the ventromedial area?
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leptin
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At what BMI is a patient considered obese?
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greater than 30
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What range within the BMI is the overweight range?
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25-30
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measure of weight adjusted for height?
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BMI
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Five categories for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome?
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(1) abdominal obesity
(2) TGs (3) HDL (4) BP (5) glucose |