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642 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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why check amniotic fluid bilirubin levels
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erythroblastosis fetalis
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why check amniotic phoshpolipids
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fetal young matureity
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likely cause of acquired winged scapula and inability to abduct arm above horizontal
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mastectomy
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acid phosphatase incidcates activity of?
alka phos indicates activity of? |
osteoclasts
osteoblasts |
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urinary hydroxyproline excretion indicates?
urinary doxypyridinoline excretion indicates? |
osteoclastic activity
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isolated systolic HTN indicates
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aortic stiffening
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dopamine hydroxylase
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norepi to dopamine
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branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase deficiency
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maple syrup urin disease
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what converts phenylalanine to tyrosine
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phenylalanine hydroxylase
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most common cause of congenital cyanosis
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abnormal neural crest cell migration, since that dtermines how the spiral separates into aorta and pulmonary artery
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brain hamartomas
ash leaf skin patches cardiac rhabdomyomas facial angiofibromas renal angiomyolipomas |
tuberous sclerosis
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neurofibromas
optic gliomas pigmented nodules of iris (Lisch) cafe au lait sots |
neurofibromatosis 1
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multiple meningiomas
gliomas epenymomas of spinal cord |
neurofibromatosis 2
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cerebellar hemangiomas
liver cysts |
von Hippel-Lindau
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facial port-wine stain
leptomeningeal angioma |
Sturge Weber
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hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
multiple telangiectasias of skin and mucosa recurrent epistaxis or melena |
Osler-Rendu-Weber
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pigemented nodules of Iris
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neurofibromatosis 1
Lisch nodules |
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bilateral acoustic neuromas
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NF2
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leptomeningeal angioma
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Sturge-Weber
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multiple telangiectasias of skin and mucosa
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Osler-Rendu-Weber, or
hemorrhagic telangiectasia |
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hypoxemia with normal Aa gradient
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due to decreased alveolar ventilation or inhalation of low FIO2 (ghih altitude). Likely hypoentilation
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increased Aa gradient
PaO2 decreased |
VQ mismatch
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increased Aa gradient
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impaired diffusion
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increased Aa gradient
decreased PaO2 |
right to left shunt
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kind of immune response elicited by killed viral vaccine
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e.g., influenaza...
humoral (vs T cell) |
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polyuria
polydipsia fruity odor to urine |
DKA
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congenital umbilical hernia
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congenital hypothyroidism
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elevated acetylcholinesterase in amniotic fluid at 25 weeks
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failed fusion of a neuroal tube defect
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persistent respiratory infections and giardiasis
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low IgA, likely due to x linked agammaglobulinemia (which makes them all low)
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infant
no thymic shadow low IgA but normal IgG hypoplastic ovaries normal serum Calcium |
Ataxia telangiectasia
(it would have been Di George if the calcium had been low due to failure of PTH development |
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beta-2 integrin deficiency
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Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)
atients have recurrent bacteral infections |
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lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio
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marker of fetal lung maturing
controled by fetal cortisol |
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What kind of hypersensitivity is Churg Strauss
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III
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what kind of hypersensitivity is MG
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II
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What kind of hypersensitivity is contact dermatitis
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IV (it ivlovles Th1s
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what kind of hypersensitivity is goodpastures
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II
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why do you have to increase doses of DM meds if you're on niacin
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because niacin is associated with increased insulin resistance, which sometimes manifests as acanthosis nigricans
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effect of niacin on gout
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niacin can increase serum uric acid
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what is effect of niacin on antihyperlipidemic drugs
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need less of them
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5 year old
several days of fever, irritability, refusal to eat painful gingival ulcers, swollen gums, cervical lymphadenopathy |
primary HSV1
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antihypertensives that preferentially relax arteries
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CCBs
Diazoxide minoxidil hydralazine |
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problem with antihypertensives that perferentially relax arteries
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sympathetic reflex taachycardia and sodium and fluid rettion that results
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does cushing's involve hypertrophy or hyperplasia of the fasciculata
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hyperplasia
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does Conn's involve hypertrophy or hyperplasia of the glomerulos
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hypertrophy (vs hyperplasia of fasciculata in Cushings)
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diffuse atrophy of the adrenal cortex
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Addison's disease, an autoimmune condition in which the adrenal glands become markedly atrophic
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diuretic that treats the nephrogenic diabetes insipidus that lithium can cause
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thiazides
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t(15;17)
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APL, auer rods
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MO
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minimally differentiated AML
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lymphoma with cyclin D gene active
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mantle cell
t(11;14) |
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deletion of 13q (in context of a blood disorder)
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CLL
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t(8;21)
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AML with maturation
auer rods present, but not as much as in APL |
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t(15;17)
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APL
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nucleus basalis of Meyner
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cell bodies of cholinergic neurons
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locus ceruleus
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NE
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role of red nucleus
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motomotor coordination
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mode
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the most commonly observed data point
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afferent and efferent for corneal blink
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sensory is V1 (nasociliary branch)
motor is VII |
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foramen for III
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Superior orbital
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cytokine present in:
RA, psoriatic arthritis |
TNF alpha
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MOA of
infliximab etanercept |
anti TNF antibodies
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duodenal atresia is associated with what abnormality
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Downs
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2 results of failed obliteration of the omphalomesenteric duct
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Meckels
enterocysts |
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where in the nephron are the following reabsorbed:
glucose sodium PAH creatinine |
glucose and sodium in proximal tubule
PAH and creatinine are not reabsorved anywhere |
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what happens to inulin and mannitol as they go through the kidney
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filtered amount = excreted amountn
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for PAH and creatnine what's the relationship between excreted and filtered amounts
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excreted amount is greater than filtered amount (it continues to be more secreted as you go through the kidney
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most common causes of aseptic meningitis
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coxcackievirus and echovirus
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role of glycosylase in repair of chromosomal damage
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cleavees the altered base leaving an AP site that endendonuclease can come in and repair
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toxin mediator of shock
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LPS of endotoxins (.e.,g lipid A)
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K-1 capsular antigens
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e coli in neonatal meningitis
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S4
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stiff left ventricle
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main cell in Paget's disease
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osteoclastcause of Zen
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cause of Zencker diverticulum
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cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction
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cause of achalasi
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degenerative changes o fthe myenteric plexus
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cause of a true diverticulum in esophagus
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scarring and traction
they involve all layers |
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key player in clearing mycoplasma pneumonia
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IgA
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role of snRNPs
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keyy in spliceosome for splicing
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role of 16s rRNA
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binding to mRNA
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role of factor G in translation
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translocation
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only gram positive bacteria to produce endotoxin (LPS)
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listeria monocytogenes
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produces a very narrow zone of beta hemolysis
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listeria monocytogenes
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immune response to listeria
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t cell
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immune response to neisseria
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complement
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immune response to strep and staph
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humoral, immunoglobulins
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immune response to catalase producing organisms
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neutrophil oxidative burst
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how do beta blockers work on glaucoma
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reducing secretion of aqueous humor by ciliary epithelium
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how do carbonic anhydrawe inhibitors work on glaucoma
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like BBs they decrease aqueous humor secretion by ciliary epitihelium
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how do cholinomimetics like pilocarpine and carbachol work on glaucoma
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promote ciliary muscle contraction, causing lense to become more convex
and cause miosis by promoting contraction of the sphincter of the iris |
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caucasian male
moderate mental retardation dysmorphic face CGG repeats on the X chromosome |
Fragile X
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cause of fragile X
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gene methylation caused by the large number of triplet repeats, inactivating the FMR1 gene
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Etiology of xeroderma pigementosum
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defective DNA repair enzymes
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etiology of Fanconi's anemia
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defect in DNA repair enzymes
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etiology of Bloom's syndrome
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defects in DNA repair
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fetus born with hypoplastic lungs and absent kidneys
dies at birth |
Potter's syndrome
oligohydramnios |
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what kind of mole has fetal parts
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partial mole
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effect of nitroprusside on preload and afterload?
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decreases both
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ligament that can protect shoulder from dislocation
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acromioclavicular ligament, which is bound distally and superiorly
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what is derived from the common cardinal veins
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SVC
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nerve for trendelengerg
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superior gluteal
Trendelenberg was a superior sort of guy |
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LDL receptor defect
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familial hypercholesterolemia
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B-myosin heavy chain
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defective in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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rx for treating cerebral edema
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mannitol (which also works in the kidney
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possible toxicity of mannitol
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water gets into extracellular space and in some this can cause pulmonary edema
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what's bumetanide?
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loop
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form of CMV in immunompetent people
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CMV mono
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form of CMV in organ transplant patients
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pneumonitis
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form of CMV infection in HIV patients
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CMV retinitis is most common.
Also... pneumonia esophagitis colitis hepatitis |
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drugs that trigger/induce lupus
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hydralazine
procainamide |
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what happens to phenol and chloramphenicol in the liver
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sulfate conjugatioin to make them more water souble and exretable
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what happens to pentobarbital and phenobarbital in the liver
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hydroxylation to make them less lipid soluble
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what happens to procain, lidocaine and aspirin in the liver
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hydrolysis
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what is a hematologic effect of pyruvate kinase deficiency
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hemolytic anemia due to resultant failure to generate sufficient ATP rto maintain RBC structure. Spleen has to work too hard to remove deformed erythrocytes and develops "work hypertrophy"
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which is the only bacterial DNA polymerase with 5 to 3 exonuclease activity (and what does this permit)
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DNA polymerase I
it can function both as an excision-repair enzyme and as the enxyme that removes RNA primers |
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drugs that cause coronary steal
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adenosine
dipyridamole |
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what type of organism are patients with CGD vulnerable to?
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catalase positive
"Catalase gives difficulties" unfortunately that's not the whole story since TB, Crypto and diphtheria are also catalase + and not affected! |
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catalase positive organisms to which CGD patients are vulnerable
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staph aureus
pseudomonas cepacia (Burkholderia cepacia) Serratia marcescens Nocardia species Aspergillus species |
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vaccines with heat killed bacteria
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Bordetella pertussis
vibrio cholera (rarely used) Yersinia pstis |
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vaccines with recombinant bacterial outer surface protein
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borrelia burdorgeri
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vaccines with inactivated toxin (toxoid)
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diphtheriae
clostridium tetani |
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vaccines with live attenuated virus
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BDG
Francisell tularensis salmonella typhi |
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where is NADPH (vs NAD) primarily used as a reducing equivalent
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cytosol
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when is NADPH produced mainly
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iwhen gllucose is metabolized via the hexose monophosphate shunt
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primary enzyme in the non-oxidative steps of HMP shunt
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transketolase
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how does acyclovir become active
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coconverted to acyclovir monophosphate principally via a irally-encoed TK. This is the rate-limiting step of activation
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why doesn't acyclovir work on EBV or CMV
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they don't ha et he same viral kinase as HSV and VZV
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what drug is cmv more sensitive to than herpesviruses are
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ganciclovir, because of differences in viral DNA polymerase structure
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antidote to beta blocker overdose
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glucagon
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mechanism of glucagon when used as an antidote to beta blocker overdose
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acts on G protein coupled receptros to increase cAMP
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what kind of a medium is Thayer Martin?
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selective. The medium has antibiotics in it that kill VCN (vanco, gram Negatives other than Neisseria, and Nystatin (fungi)
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what kind of medium are MacConkey and eMB agars
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differential -- because they differentiate cultured organisms based on their etabolic and biochemical properties
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spherules packed with endospores
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coccidioides - yeast form (mold form has hyphae)
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immunocompetent person
lung disease with erythema nodosum |
Coccidioides
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pigeon droppings
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crytococcus
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caves in
Mississippi and Ohio River basins |
histoplasma
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southwestern US
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coccidioides
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infection to which chronic asthma patients are vulnerable
|
Aspergillus
Aspergillus Asthma |
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what mediates the skin flushing and warmth felt by patients taking niacin
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prostoglandins (thus taking aspirin ahead of time helps)
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what does substance P do
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it transmits pain messages in the PNS and CNS
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what does capsaicin do
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reduces pain be decreases substance P levels
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3 top pathogens for secondary bacterial pneumonia
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strep
staph aureus H flue |
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contraction alkalosis
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loops, thiazines
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tx for contraction alkalosis
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give Cl because the overall body (vs urine) concentration of chloride is low due to increased renal losses, and so giving saline helps
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high pH
high pCO2 |
metabolic alkalosis
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side effectof antithyroid drugs
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agranulocytosis
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which of these to give to a patient on thyroid lowering meds
aspirin ibuprofen acetaminophen |
give acetaminophen because the others can displace thyroid hormones from binding proteins and worsen a thyrottoxic state
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Valsalva maneuver and standing suddenly from supine position
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decrease venous return
reduce EDV in left ventricl so worsen murmer of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
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MOA of adenosine
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activates K channels and inhibits L-type ca channels, proloning phase 4 of nodal cell action potential and slowing heart
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when is proprionic acid produced
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during caduring cataboism of branched chain amino acids such as valine, isoleucine, threonine, methionine, and also cohlesterola nd odd-chain fatty acids
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which histone works outside the nuclear core
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1 (2A and B, 3 and 4 are inside
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superantigen toxins
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Enterotoxins
Exfoliative Toxins TSST enTeroToxins exfoliaTive Toxins TssT |
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rx that disturbs color perception
|
digoxin
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most serious complication of digoxin toxicity
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arrhythmia
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angiodema is side effect of
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ACEi
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bronchoconstriction in COPD/asthma patients is a feared side effect of which med
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beta blockers
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lower trunk forms which nerves
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median
ulnar |
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nerve injured by fractures to mid humerus
|
radial
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what's injured when head and should are violently stretched
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upper trunk
musculocutaneous nerve beceps brachii and briachialis wekenss of forearm felxion at elbow |
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effect of ACEi tx on creatinine
|
increases it because of decreased GFR (because of action on AII)
|
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beta hCG
|
hydatidiform moles
choriocarcionmas gestational trophoblastic tumors |
|
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med that causes somnolence, parasthesias, and urine alkalinization
|
acetazolamide
|
|
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effect of estrogen on biliary system
|
cholesterol hypersecretion
(upregulates hepatic HMG-CoA reductase |
|
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effect of progesterone on biliary system
|
gallbladder hypomotility
(reduces bile acid secretion and slows emptying |
|
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baby develops rigidity and spasms a week after birth
|
tetany. mother should hae had tetanus toxoid
|
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sites for high frequency hearing loss
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cochlear base by round and oval windows
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sites for low frequency hearing loss
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basilar membrane, which is near the hilicotrema at the apex of the cochlea
|
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differential cyanosis (of lower but not upper extremities)
|
PDA
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does coarctation cause cyanosis?
|
no
|
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puncture wound from a soil contaminated object
|
tetnus
|
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what does tetanus toxin inhibit
|
the inhibitory interneurons that normally regulate the motor neuron
|
|
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follows path:
fibrinous exudate to systemic circulation to cortical neurons |
diphtheria toxin, beginning with the pseudomembranous exudate
|
|
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follows path:
food- systemic circulation- meninges |
listeria monocytogenes
|
|
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takes path from:
food - systemic curculation - peripheral nerve |
route for botunlinum toxin
|
|
|
uric acid precipitation happens in what part of the kidney
|
collecting ducts, due to low urine pH
|
|
|
what does a high level of uric acid mean in the context of leukemia treatment
|
tumor lysis syndrome
|
|
|
areas of renal tubule with the lowest ph
|
DCT and collecting duct!
|
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Patent ductus arteriosus derived from which embryonic structure
|
Sixth aortic arch
|
|
|
drug to maintain patency of PDA
|
PGE2
|
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which arches fully regress, leaving no structures behind
|
1, 2, 5
|
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third aortic arch becomes
|
common and proximal internal carotid arteries
|
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fourth aortic arch becomes
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portion of suclavian arteries
|
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sixth aortic arch becomes
|
pulmonary arteries
ductus arteriosus |
|
|
rx causing QRS and QT prolongation and cardiac dysrhythmias
|
TCAs
|
|
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TCA antidote
|
hypertonic sodium bicarb solution
|
|
|
antidote to digitalis toxicity includes
|
potassium replacement
|
|
|
rx that can precipitate withdrawal symptoms in an opioid user
|
pentazocine
|
|
|
serious statin side effects
|
Myopathy
Hepatitis Discontinue them if AST/ALT is more than 3x the upper limit of normal measure every sixth month |
|
|
stridor
|
paramyxovirus - especially parainfluenza viruses
|
|
|
caliciviruses are responsible for
|
viral gastroenteritis
(hep E and Norwalk) |
|
|
togaviruses are responsible for
|
rubell - German measeles
EEE WEE |
|
|
parvoviruses are responsible for
|
aplastic crises in sicke cell
erythema infectiosum (fifth diseae) hydrops fetalis |
|
|
malaise, fevers, pain over one of the long bones
usually in young males |
hematogenous osteomyeltitis, susally due to staph aureus
|
|
|
osteomyelitis
|
staph aureus
|
|
|
antipsychotic cause long QT
|
ziprasidone
|
|
|
thyroid function tests necessary for?
|
lithium
amiodarone |
|
|
which dopamine receptors does clozapine act on
|
D4
|
|
|
ACEi interacts badly with this medication because of
|
thiazide diuretcis
because they can cause hypovolemia and hyponatremia that makes it possible for "first-dose hypotension" caused by ACEi |
|
|
leukotriene D4 receptor antagonists
|
zafirlukast
montelukast |
|
|
inflammatory mediators involved in asthma
|
LTC4, LTD4, LTE4
ACh |
|
|
DOC for treatment of PSVT
|
adenosne
|
|
|
antiarrhythmic that can cause:
flushing chest burning (due to bronchospasm) hypotension high grade AV block |
adenosine
|
|
|
anthiarrythmic that causes:
photodermatitis blue/grey skin discoloration pulmonary fibrosis hyper- or hypothyroidism |
amiodarone
|
|
|
antiarrhythmic that causes neurological symptoms
|
lidocaine
|
|
|
antiarrhythimc that causes drug induced SLE
|
procainamide
|
|
|
rx for alcohol withdrawal
|
diazepam
|
|
|
antifungal that binds ergosterol in fungal cell membrane and leads to pore formation and cell lysis
|
amphotericin B
|
|
|
antifungal that inhibits ergosterol synthesis
|
Itraconazole
|
|
|
antifungal that inhibits squalene-2,3-spoxidase which results in decreased synthesis of ergosterol
|
terbinafine
|
|
|
antifungals that inhibit synthesis of the polysaccharide glucan, an essential component of the fungal cell wall
|
caspofungin and micafungin, which are echinocandins
|
|
|
antifungal that enters fungal cells, binds microtubules and inhibits mitosis
|
griseofulvin
|
|
|
antifungal used with amphotericin B that inhibits the synthesis of both DNA and RNA in fungal cells
|
flucytosien
|
|
|
right testicular vein drains into?
left testicular vein drains into? |
Right - IVC
left - left renal vein |
|
|
anemias usually present with elevated
|
EPO
|
|
|
slit lamp test
|
Wilson's disease
|
|
|
young guy
balance problems choreoform movements elevated transaminase |
Wilson's disease
|
|
|
slit lamp test
|
for Kaiser Fleischer rings o f Wilson''s disease
|
|
|
spongiosis
|
primary histologic finding in contact dermatitis = eczematous dermatitis
|
|
|
child
abdominal mass spontaneous bursts of non-rhythmic conjugate eye movements hypotonia myoclonus abdominal mass |
neuroblastoma
|
|
|
small blue round cells
|
neuroblastoma
|
|
|
dumbbell tumor
|
neuroblastoma - mets to epidural space
|
|
|
side effect of ketamine and NO
|
euphoria
|
|
|
young african american kid with tender swelling of hands and feet
|
sickle cell dactylitis, which involves small infarcts. common in first year of life of sicklers
|
|
|
what kind of organisms are sicklers vulnerable to?
|
encapsulateds, because of functional asplenia
|
|
|
vomiting and abdominal pain
anorexia and weight loss very low BP tachycardia hyperpigmentation over face, neck, dorsal hand low glucose |
adrenal crisis
(treat immediately with hydrocortisone. This happens in a patietn with adrenal insufficiency |
|
|
dextrans stick to?
|
fibrin
|
|
|
dextrans associated with?
|
strep viridans
|
|
|
what is the role of surface glycoproteins
|
mediate binding of immune cells to the endothelium
|
|
|
what is role of subendothelial glycosaminoglycans
|
form the subendothelial fibrous cap over the central core of an atherosclerotic plaque
|
|
|
role of T tubules
|
coordinating myofibril contraction
|
|
|
purpose of HMP shunt
|
to produce large amounts of NADPH which are needed for fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis, drug metabolism and steroid biosynthesis
|
|
|
key side effects of protease inhibitors
|
lipodystrophy
hyperglycemia P450 inhibition |
|
|
key side effects of TMP-SMX
|
megaloblastic anemia
Steven Johnson tTEN |
|
|
what class of drug is ziduvudine
|
nucleoside reverse transcritase inhibitor (NRTI)
|
|
|
main side effect of ziduvidine
|
bone marrow toxicity
|
|
|
key side effect of acyclovir
|
renal toxicity
|
|
|
drug for CMV infections in HIV
|
foscarnet
|
|
|
hypotension
distended neck veins distant or muffled heart sounds on ausculation tachycardia |
tamponade
(first three are beck's triad) |
|
|
pleuritic chest pain
pericardial friction rub |
acute fibrinous pericardities
|
|
|
antidote for TCAs
|
sodium bicarb
|
|
|
antidote for acetaminophen
|
NAC, which provides sulfydryl groups
|
|
|
antidote for barbiturate poisoning
|
forced alkaline diuresis
|
|
|
hemorrhagic mediastinitis
|
widened mediastinum on chest xray
anthrax |
|
|
antiphagocytic capsule that has D-glutammate instead of polysaccharid
|
anthrax
|
|
|
urethritis
conjunctivitis arthritis |
Reiters
|
|
|
sacroiliitis
|
Reiters
|
|
|
abdominal pain and distention
fever, diarrhea signs of shock UC patient (less like in Crohn's patient0 |
toxic megacolon
|
|
|
flat plain xray
|
for diagnosi toxic megacolon
|
|
|
bad UC sequela
|
toxic bmegacolon
|
|
|
cystic degeneration of putamen
|
wilson's disease
|
|
|
lateral to the globus pallidus
|
putamen
|
|
|
medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus
|
affected in Korsakoffs
|
|
|
AIDS patient with imparied vision
|
CMV
|
|
|
AIDS rx that causes
seizures hypocalcemia hypomagnesmia |
foscarnetq
|
|
|
rx side effects:
crystal nephropathy neurotoxicity |
acyclovir
|
|
|
AIDS med
severe neutopenia can result |
ganciclovir
|
|
|
AIDS med causing fat redistribution, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia
|
idinavir, a protease inhibitor (and thes are all effects of protease inhibitors)
|
|
|
precursor to NAD
|
tryptophan
|
|
|
AIDS related illness that can survive intracellularyly and cause systemic disease
|
histoplasma
|
|
|
small ovoid bodies wthin a macrophage
HIV patient |
histoplasma
histOvoid plasma |
|
|
round yeasts
|
blasto
|
|
|
large sphrules with endospores
|
coccidioides
|
|
|
AIDS med causing neutropenia
|
ganciclovir (for CMV)
|
|
|
increased blood ammonia and urine orotic acid
|
ornithin transcarbamoylase deficiency
|
|
|
barbiturates vs Benzos
|
barbiturates increase the duration of the CL channel opening;
benzos increase the frequency |
|
|
white umbilicated papules on penis, vulva or groin
|
molluscum contagiousum
|
|
|
fungus associated wtih paranasal sinus infection and diabetic ketoacidosis
|
Rhizopus
also mucor and absidia |
|
|
septate hyphae that branch at 45%
|
aspergillus
|
|
|
HBeAG positive pregnant mother
|
95% risk of chronic infection in baby and high viral replication rate but only mild risk of liver injury
|
|
|
heteroplasmy
|
associate with mitochondrial inheritance
|
|
|
inheritance for Leber hereditary opti neuropathy
|
mitochondrial
|
|
|
inheritance for myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers
|
mitochondrial
|
|
|
inheritance for MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathywith lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes)
|
mitochondrial
|
|
|
encephalomyopathy
lactic acidosis stroke like episodes |
MELAS
|
|
|
most likely outcome of Hep C
|
chronic hepatitis
|
|
|
osmolarity in proximal tubule
|
300
|
|
|
osmolarity in descending loop
|
300-12--
|
|
|
osmolarity in ascending loope
|
300-100
|
|
|
osmolarity in DCT
|
100
|
|
|
meningitis in transplant patient
grows well at cold temps tumbling motility |
listeria
|
|
|
tumbling motility
|
listeria
|
|
|
drug that makes you ataxic, aggressive, nystagmus
|
PCP
|
|
|
hypopigmentation of skin, eyes, basal ganglia
|
phenylketonuria
|
|
|
fair skinned, musty odor
|
PKU
|
|
|
bile soluble bacteria
|
strep penumo only
|
|
|
lancet shaped bacteria
|
strep pneumoa
|
|
|
why does silicosis lead to TB
|
impaired macrophage killing
|
|
|
shigella's most important mechanism for infection
|
mucosal invasion
|
|
|
adrenergic receptors in the pupillary dilator muscle
|
A1
|
|
|
budding yeast forms with thick capsules
|
cryptococcus
|
|
|
most common manifestation of crytococcus infection
|
meningitis
|
|
|
commonly affects paranasal sinuses
|
mucormycosis
aspercgillosis |
|
|
neurofilmanets are a marker for this cancer
|
small cell
|
|
|
vimentin is a marker for?
|
sarcomas
|
|
|
LCA (leukocyte common antigen) is a marker for?
|
malignant lymphomas
|
|
|
mucin is a marker for
|
non-small cell carcinomas
|
|
|
surfactant-associated proteins are a marker for?
|
non-small cell carcinomas
|
|
|
moa of tiagabine
|
inhibits GABA uptake
|
|
|
moa of topiramate
|
blocks Na channels
increases GABA concentration |
|
|
moa of vigabatrin
|
inhibits GABA transaminase and increases GABA concentration
|
|
|
MOA of gabapentin
|
increases GABA concentration (enhances release)
|
|
|
moa of diphenoxylate
|
opiate that bind dto mu receptors(Gi)
|
|
|
what type of diarrhea is bismuth used for
|
secretory
|
|
|
what kind of diarrhea is octreotide used for
|
secretory
|
|
|
gram positive cocci in clusters
|
staph aureus
|
|
|
staph that doesn't respond to nafcillin but does to vancomycin
|
methicillin-resistant
|
|
|
fatigue
nocular rash on legs lung nodules hilar fullness epithelioid cells no necrosis |
sarcoid
|
|
|
violaceous discoloration of upper eyelids
|
dermatomyositis
|
|
|
Gottron's sign
|
scaling eruption on the knuckles in dermatomyositis
|
|
|
scaling eruption on the knuckles
elevated CPK levels |
dermatomyositis
|
|
|
erythema nodosum is associated with
|
sarcoidosis
|
|
|
etiology of an inflamed and partially necrotic gallbladder. .
|
outflow obstruction
you need gallstones as an initiating event |
|
|
IgM and C3 dposits on glomerulus
|
FSGS
|
|
|
generalized edema
marked proteinuria hypoalbuminemia hyperlipidema lipiduria |
nephrotic syndrome
|
|
|
what kind of a protein is N-myc and why does this matter?
|
it's a TF, which means that itcan bind DNA
|
|
|
loose stool
abdominal discomfort weight loss glycoprotein present |
tropheryma whippelli
|
|
|
what happens if you use both a beta blocker and a non-dihydropyridine CCB (verapamil, diltiazem)
|
severe bradycardia and hypotension
|
|
|
what kind of organisms can a CGD patient not kill
|
catalase positive
|
|
|
thoracic kyphoscoliosis
peripheral neuropathy hyporeflexia decreased muscle strength in extremities |
syringomyelia
|
|
|
type of cardiomyopathy associated with restrictive cardiomyopathy
|
hemochromatosis
|
|
|
CV system drug that can cause myalgias, myositis, rise in creatine kinase
|
statins
|
|
|
what happens in aspirin overdose
|
(1) respiratory alkalosis becuase of stimulation of medullary respiratory center - hyperventilation
(2) anion gap metabolic acidosis |
|
|
variable affected in respiratory alkalosis
|
low Pa CO2
|
|
|
are slow twitch muscles high or low myoglobin
|
high
|
|
|
sequence at 3' end of tRNA
|
CCA
can code amino acids |
|
|
type of RNA with dihydrouracil, acetylcystein, thymidine, pseudouridine
|
tRNA
|
|
|
arthritis 2 weeks after a GI infection
|
reactive arthritis
can be part of Reiters HLA B27 |
|
|
HT nucleus where ADH is made
|
paraventricular and supraoptic
|
|
|
how does thiopental decay so rapidly
|
tissue redistribution
|
|
|
what alteration to the CFTR does the main CF mutation cause?
|
altered post-translational processing of a transmembrane protein. there is a 3 base pair deletion that removes a phenylalanine at amino acid position 508 leading to abnoraml folidng and glycosylation so that it's degraded before it reaches the cell surface
|
|
|
what structure will a stab wound in the 4th intercostal space at the left sternal border hit
|
right ventricle
|
|
|
bacteria known for antigenic variation
|
neisseria gonorrhoeae
|
|
|
type of vaccine for rubella
|
live attenuated vaccine
|
|
|
neonate with:
white pupils PDA |
rubella (also, of course, deafness)
|
|
|
what kind of vaccine is hep A
|
killed
|
|
|
what kind of vaccine is rabies
|
killed
|
|
|
99mm Tc-pertechnetate scan detects
|
presence of gastric mucosa
|
|
|
meckels diverticulum occurs due to failure of
|
obliteration of omphalomesenteric duct
|
|
|
lower GI bleeding in 2 year old
|
meckel diverticulum
|
|
|
currant jelly stools in a ktoddler
|
Meckel diverticulum
|
|
|
hormone whose surge causes ovulation
|
LH
|
|
|
menotropin mimics
|
FSH
|
|
|
site of superior gluteal nerve
|
superomedial buttocks
|
|
|
satiety center location
|
ventromedial HT
|
|
|
hunger center of the HT
|
lateral nuclei
|
|
|
circadian rhythm center
|
suprachiasmatic
|
|
|
HT nuclei that make vasopressin and oxytocin
|
supraoptic
paraventricular |
|
|
HT nuclei that cause cooling
|
anterior nuceli
|
|
|
NT nuceli that cause heat
|
posterior nuclei
|
|
|
which blood in the body has the lowest oxygen content
|
coronary sinus
|
|
|
gene mutation in most polyps
|
APC (not just in FAP)
|
|
|
liver p450 enzymes that metabolizes a lot of toxins in order to excrete them, supposedly, but often ends up making them carcinogens
|
microsoal monooxyygenase
|
|
|
what does HIV gp41 do?
|
facilitates viral attachment to target cells
|
|
|
what prohibits HIV polyprotein cleavage
|
protease inhibitors
|
|
|
what impairs HIV DNA synthesis from the RNA template?
|
reverse transcriptase inhibitors
|
|
|
what catalyzes HIV integration into the host genome
|
HIV viral integrase
|
|
|
what's the most potent cerebral vasodilator (endogenous)
|
pCO2
|
|
|
what happens to circulation in the brains of COPD patients
|
increased, because their hypercapnia is a drive for decreased vascular resistance
|
|
|
progressive gait instability and dysarthria
hereditary disorder degeneration of posterior columns and spinocerebellar tracts |
Friedrich's ataxia
|
|
|
vitamin deficiency that mimics Friedreich ataxia
|
E
|
|
|
ataxia
dysarthria loss of both position and vibration sense |
Friedreich ataia
Vitamin E deficiency |
|
|
ataxia
confusion ophtalmoplegia |
B1 deficiency
|
|
|
periperal neuropaty
high output cardiac failure Wernicke encephalopathy |
B1 (thiamine) deficiency
|
|
|
part of spinal cord damaged in polio
|
anterior horn
|
|
|
site of renal cell carcinoma
|
proximal tubules
|
|
|
brain tumor wiwth highly cellular areas mixed with low celllularity
|
Schwannomas
|
|
|
S-100
|
Schwannoma
melanoma |
|
|
what cranial nerves can have schwannomas
|
any but II
|
|
|
Rx that targets CD20
|
rituximab
|
|
|
rx that is an antibody to TNF alpha
|
infliximab
|
|
|
cytokine approved for treatment of renal cell carcinoma and melanoma
|
IL-2
|
|
|
rx for CML
|
imatinib
|
|
|
heart sound heard in left lateral decubitus
|
S3
|
|
|
what does S3 indicate
|
left ventricular failure
|
|
|
what makes it easier to hear S3
|
left lateral decubitus
exhaling completely both bring the heart closer to the chest wall |
|
|
what are valsalva maneuver and standing position used to differentiate
|
they differentiate between caues of systolic murmur in left hear
both decrease venous return to heart and reduce left ventricular volume and blood pressure murmurs associated with MVP and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy become more audible; aortic stenosis is less audible |
|
|
what has offositve effect to valsalve and standing
|
valsalva release and squatting (increase venous return to heart)
|
|
|
third part of the duodenum is near what?
|
uncinate process of pancreas and superior mesenteric vessels
|
|
|
which parts of duodenum are retro
|
all but 1
|
|
|
secretes mullerian inhibiting factor
|
sertoli cells
mullerian gets rid of mama |
|
|
what induces the male genitalia
|
testosterone transforms the Wolffian ducts
|
|
|
wjat does circulating ammonia act on (i.e. receptors)
|
inhibits GABA
|
|
|
associate accumulation of blood urea nitrogen with...
|
renal failure
heart failure dehydration |
|
|
what happens to GABA in hepatic encephalopathy
|
increased activity leading to more inhibition
|
|
|
main site of lipid absorption
|
jejunum
|
|
|
one sided face and arm swelling
one sided engorgement of subcutaneous veins on that side of neck. |
obstruction of brachiocephalic
|
|
|
two sided face and arm swelling, and engorgement of subcutaneous veins of the neck
|
superior vena cava obstruction (vs brachicephalic would be one sided)
|
|
|
start codon
|
AUG
|
|
|
stop codons
|
uaa
uag uga |
|
|
neuromuscular lesions
ragged red skeletal muscle fibers lactic acidosis.. what do these all suggest |
mitochondrial disorders
|
|
|
heteroplasmy goes with what kind of inheritance?
|
mitochondrial
|
|
|
what happens in germinal centers
|
isotype switching
|
|
|
pigmented lesions on trunk
a few rubbery cutaneous tumors on neck headaches |
NF1
neural crest |
|
|
treated for an infection
joint pain pruritic skin rash scattered areas of fibrinoid necrosis and neutrophil infiltration in arteries and small arterioles |
serum sickness
|
|
|
decreased serum C3 level
|
serum sickness
|
|
|
tmp-smx is associated with
|
serum sickness
|
|
|
what happens to complement in type III hypersensitivity
|
decreases becuase it gets activated at local sites
|
|
|
gene overexpressed in t(14;18)
|
follicular lymphoma
bcl2 |
|
|
which glucose transporters are sensitive to insuline
|
only Glut4
|
|
|
where is GLUT 4 expressed
|
muslce cells and adipocytes
|
|
|
heart failure patient
nausea, vomiting, anorexia, confusion elevated plasma K elevated serum creatnin |
digoxin toxicity
|
|
|
mechanism of Amphotericin B and nystatin
|
bind ergosterol molecules in fungal cell membranes, creating pores and causing cell lysis
|
|
|
mechanism of Triazoles
|
inhibit ergosterol synthesis
|
|
|
mechanism of echinocandins
|
inhibit glucan synthesis (fungal cell wall component)
|
|
|
mechanism of pyrimidines (flucytosine)
|
converted to 5-fluro in teh fungal cell and interferes with fungal RNA and protein synthesis
|
|
|
antibodies to PRP
what are they? what are they associated with? |
antibodies to the capsule of H flu
they carry protection against eppiglotitis which was caused by this |
|
|
what does c-myc do?
|
transcirption activator controlling cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis
|
|
|
how is the CFTR activated/gated
|
it's an ATP binding cassette transmembrane ion transporter
|
|
|
calcified cystic mass in brain
|
craniopharyngioma
related to pituitarytissue |
|
|
low serum levels of C1 esterase inhibitor
|
hereditary angiodema
|
|
|
episodes of painless, non-pitting, well-circumscribed edema
|
hereditary angiodema
AD low serum levels of C1 esterase inhibitor |
|
|
bad medicine to give to patients with hereditary angiodema
|
ACEi
|
|
|
part of kidney that's impermeable to water
|
ascending limb
|
|
|
hypertension
hypokalemia suppressed renin non-suppressible aldosterone |
primary mineralecorticoid excess
|
|
|
aldosterone escape
|
hyper aldosteronism, but Na does not rise becuase ANP caues diuresis and eventual compensatory sodium loss
|
|
|
normal serum sodium
hypokalemia metabolic acidosis |
renl tubular acidosis
|
|
|
hyponatrimia
hypokalemia metabolic alkalosis |
diuretic use
|
|
|
isolated hyponatremia in setting of normal potassium and bicarbonate
|
SIADH
|
|
|
decrescendo-type diastolic murmur over left sternal border
|
aortic regurgitation
|
|
|
FTA-ABS serology
|
syphilis
|
|
|
vasa vasorum obliteration
|
tree barking in tertiary syphilis and aortic aneurysm
|
|
|
phosphoglycerate kinase reaction done by which cells
|
RBC
produces |
|
|
appetite suppressant toxicity
|
pulmonary hypertension, ewhich can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy
|
|
|
HIV patient
weight loss fevers severe weakness hepatosplenomegaly acid fast organisms |
MAC infection
|
|
|
prevention of MAC
|
azithromycin
|
|
|
rfampin provides prophylaxis for
|
h flu
neisseria meningitidis |
|
|
hypertension
hematuria cellular proliferation focal necrosis crescent formation of most glomeruli |
RPGN
|
|
|
crescents but no immune deposits
|
pauci immune RPGN
|
|
|
associate pauci immune RPGN with
|
ANCA
anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in serum |
|
|
lumpy bumy granular pattern of staining on immunofluorescence
|
type 2 RPGN from post strep
SLE IgA nephropathy Henoch Schonlein pupura |
|
|
linear GBM
|
goodpastures
|
|
|
gram negative rods with a metallic sheen on eosin methylene blue agar and hemolysis on blood agar
|
E coli
|
|
|
repetitive episodes fo muscle weakness
blood pressure and pulse increase a bit on standing low plasma renin |
overactive zona glomerulosa
|
|
|
ether can affect which ind of viruses
|
enveloped
ether enveloped |
|
|
diabetes patients die most from?
|
myocardial infarction
|
|
|
partially double stranded circular DNA molecule with a reverse transcriptase DNA polymerase
|
HBV
|
|
|
most likely destination of hematogenous spread from lungs
|
adrenals
|
|
|
what action of TCAs most commonly leads to death
|
their inhibition of fast sodium channel conduction
|
|
|
aldosterone affects which ions?
|
sodium reabsorption
K+ and H+ secretion |
|
|
vitamin that needs to be given parenterally
|
B12
|
|
|
most likely destination of hematogenous spread from lungs
|
adrenals
|
|
|
muscle weakness and cramping
|
hypokalemia
|
|
|
what action of TCAs most commonly leads to death
|
their inhibition of fast sodium channel conduction
|
|
|
pituitary tumor is associated with?
|
other MEN 1 cancers: 3Ps
pituitary parathyroid pancreas |
|
|
aldosterone affects which ions?
|
sodium reabsorption
K+ and H+ secretion |
|
|
transtentorial herniation compromises this nerve
|
III
|
|
|
duret hemorrhages
|
of basilar artery
they are brainstem hemorrhages |
|
|
vitamin that needs to be given parenterally
|
B12
|
|
|
muscle weakness and cramping
|
hypokalemia
|
|
|
3 stages of gastric acid
|
cephalic
gastric intestinal |
|
|
pituitary tumor is associated with?
|
other MEN 1 cancers: 3Ps
pituitary parathyroid pancreas |
|
|
transtentorial herniation compromises this nerve
|
III
|
|
|
duret hemorrhages
|
of basilar artery
they are brainstem hemorrhages |
|
|
3 stages of gastric acid
|
cephalic
gastric intestinal |
|
|
plexus that has the ganglia involved in Hirschsprung, and where located
|
both Auerback and Meissner, which are located in the submucosa
|
|
|
apple peel atresia in vomiting neonate
|
vascular occlusion
|
|
|
duodenal bulb ulcer can invade which artery?
|
gastroduodenal
|
|
|
fungal infection hematogenous spread prevented by
|
neutrophils
|
|
|
lymphocytes important in prevention of superficial candida infection spread
|
T cells (and so HIV patients get superficial, but not disseminated infections)
|
|
|
type of change where viruses pick up the ability to invade something that another virus does but can't produce offspring that do
|
phenytypic mixing
|
|
|
if methionine builds up this amino acid becomes essential
|
cystein
(in homocysteinuria |
|
|
methionine builds up
|
homocysteinuria
|
|
|
caudal regression syndrome (baby with poorly developed lumbar spine and sacrum) in a newborn
|
maternal uncontrolled diabetes
|
|
|
craniofacial abnormalities in newborn
|
Vitamin A overdose
|
|
|
antidote for IV leak of NE
|
phentolamine
|
|
|
antidote to severe hypocalcemia
|
calcium gluconate
|
|
|
eosinophilia in shrunken tumor masses post rx
|
cytochrome c from the intrinsic apaptosis pathway
|
|
|
enzyme to montitor menopuse
|
FSH
Fewer Sex hormones LH is relevant Later only |
|
|
is ventricular free wall rupture a hypo or hypertensive event
|
hypo because the rupture causes tambponade, which greatly limits ventricular filling
|
|
|
result of ventricular septal rupture
|
left to right shunt
Septal Shunt |
|
|
frequent hand burns
diminished pinprick, temp position and vibration preserved |
syringomyelia
|
|
|
cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities usually in the cervical region of spinal cord
|
syringomyelia
|
|
|
destruction of ventral white commissure leads to
|
bilateral loss of pain and temp
White russians were insisitive to the pain and temperature of russians on all sides |
|
|
LMN signs
|
areflexia
flaccid paralysis fasciculations atrophy of intrinsic muscles of hands |
|
|
urease and pH test is looking for a pink (increased pH) result consistent with
|
infection by h pylori
|
|
|
warfarin can pose a risk of paradoxical thrombosis in first week of therapy in patients with...
|
congenital deficiency of protein C and S
|
|
|
antibodies that cross react between M pneumonia and RBCs, agglutinating RBCs in vitro at low temps
|
cold agglutins
|
|
|
rare and v bad sequela of M pneumonia
|
Stevens Johnson
|
|
|
bug that shares antigens with human erythrocytes and can lyse RBCs, causing anemia
|
mycoplasma
|
|
|
most common viral cause of acute hemorrhagic cystits in children
|
adenovirus
|
|
|
why don't antibodies against the hep C envelope protein confer immunity
|
antigenic variation
|
|
|
most comon cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
|
20 hydroxylase
|
|
|
pruritic papulopustular rash in two friends
oxidase positive gram negative rods that produce pigment on media |
hot tub folliculities due to P aeruginosa
|
|
|
ovarian ligament that carries all the nerves, arteries, veins and lymphatics to the ovary
|
suspensory
suspensory keeps you in suspense -- ligate it in surgery! |
|
|
outbreak of hepatitis in Asia, sub-Saharan africa and Mexico among young people
high incidence of fulminant hepatitis in pregnant women, with high mortality |
he E
|
|
|
heps that are transmitted parenterally
|
B, C, D
|
|
|
carcinogenic hepatites
|
B and C
|
|
|
unenveloped hepatitis
|
E
|
|
|
leuprolide (for enlarged prostate) affects which hormone(s)
|
T and DHT
|
|
|
class of meds that are good for both BPH and HTN
|
alpha 1 blockers
|
|
|
drugs with a notable "first dose effect" hypotension
|
alpha 1 blockers
|
|
|
good medication for vasospasm (Raynaud's Prinzmetal etc)
|
calcium channel blockers
|
|
|
mitral valve leaflet thickening with several small masses attached to both sides
|
SLe
|
|
|
MEN 1 disorderds
|
3Ps
Parathyroid anterior Pituitary Pancreas |
|
|
MEN2B
|
THyroid
Pheochromocytoma oral and intestinal mucosal neuromas parathyroid hyperplasia |
|
|
Longitudinal mucosal tears at gastroesophageal junction
|
Mallory Weiss -- injury by intraabdominal pressure
|
|
|
local amyloid deposits confined to cardiac atria include fragments of...
|
ANP
|
|
|
amylin deposits in amyloidosis are found where?
|
pancreas
|
|
|
pain that starts a few hours after eating and resolves after antacid
|
duodenal ulcer
|
|
|
common location of gastric ulcers
|
lesser curvature
|
|
|
RBCs can't produce heme because of lack of
|
mitochondria
|
|
|
clisotazol action
|
decreases activity of platelet PDEase, which breakds down cAMP (like dipyridamole does). It also is a direct arterial vasodilator
|
|
|
use of cilostazol
|
PDE inhibitor
|
|
|
osteitis fibrosa cystica
|
end stage renal disease
|
|
|
psammoma bodies
|
papillary thyroid cancer
|
|
|
thyroid cancer with sheets of follicular cells or large cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm Hurthle cells)
|
FTC - folliclular thyroid cancer
|
|
|
progressive exertional dyspnea
heavy smoker |
COPD
|
|
|
direction of migration of neural crest cells
|
caudal, so they start in the rectum
|
|
|
cause of DNA cross linking
|
alkylating agents used in cancer treatment
|
|
|
acetylation and methylation: which enhances transcription
|
acetylation
|
|
|
mutation of homeodomain (homeobox) genes leads to
|
alterations in the body structure of an animal
|
|
|
nerve for sensation on the tongue
|
trigeminal for anterior 2/3
IX for posterior 1/3 |
|
|
olfactory sensory defect
diminished synthesis fo gonadotropic hormones primary amenhorrhea absent sexual characteristics |
Kallmann syndrome
|
|
|
what type of Ig is involved in Rh trouble
|
IgG, because they are the ones for which Fc receptors on phagocytic cells have the greatest affinity
|
|
|
most common source of high AFP levels
|
dating error
|
|
|
AFP levels in a Downs pregnancy
|
decreased
Downs decreased |
|
|
elevated AFP levels
|
neural tube defects
anterior abdominal wall defects multiple gestation |
|
|
most concentrated urine in the kidney (other than the end of the collecting duct)
|
end of the descending limb
|
|
|
is rabies vacine killed or live attenuated
|
killed
|
|
|
perfringens toxin
|
lecithinase, which attacks phospholipids
|
|
|
lupus and increased PTT mean increased risk of
|
venous/arterial thromboembolism
increased fetal loss |
|
|
osteoid matrix accumulation around trabeculae
|
vitamin D deficiency due to excessive unmineralized osteoid
|
|
|
trabecular thinning with fewer interconnections
|
osteoporosis
|
|
|
subperiosteal resorption with cystic denegeration
|
hyperparathyroidism
|
|
|
lamellar bone structure resembling a mosaic (also usually with cement lines)
|
Paget's disease
|
|
|
spongiosa filling medullary canals with no mature trabeculae
|
osteopetrosis, which involves osteoclastic bone resorption
|
|
|
salt and pepper calvarium
subperiosteal erosions on medial sides of second and third phalaxnes of hand |
hyperperithyroidism
|
|
|
elevated hematocrit
normal red blood cell mass |
polycythemia due to
dehydration or excessive diuresis, which is relative erythrocytosis is cause |
|
|
MEN1
|
parathyroid
pancreas pituitary PPP |
|
|
MEN 2A
|
medullary thyroid
pheochromocytoma parathyroid |
|
|
MEN 2B
|
medullary thyroid
mucosal neuromas pheochromocytoma |
|
|
thyroid cells that derive from neural crest
|
parafollicular
|
|
|
bias created by selecting hospitalized patients as a control group
|
Berkson's bias
being in the hospital is no perk -- its a Berk |
|
|
researcher's beliefs in the efficacy of treatment that can potentially affect outcome
|
Pygmalion effect
|
|
|
link betwen recurrent otitis media and hypersensitivity I death from O negative blood transfusion
|
IgA deficiency
|
|
|
association of C1 complement component deficiency
|
SLE
|
|
|
leukocyte adhesion deficinecy association
|
delayed separation of umbilical cord
recurrent cutaenous infections without pus poor wound healing |
|
|
what cell type leads to migration of smooth muscle cells into intima for the proliferation that will lead to atherosclerotic plaques
|
platelets
|
|
|
what does tyrosinase do?
|
tyrosine to melanin
defect = albinism |
|
|
effect of diptheriae AB exotoxin
|
ribosylation of an intracellular protein
(specifically of EF2, which is needed for peptide chain translocation) |
|
|
exotoxin that cuases increased sensitivity to histamine
|
pertussins
|
|
|
exotoxin that causes increased insulin production and lymphocyte//neutophil dysfunction
|
pertussis toxin
|
|
|
exotoxin that inactivates the 60S ribosomal subunit
|
shigella
|
|
|
exotoxin that inactivates the 60s ribosomal subunit
vs exotoxin that inactivates an elongation factor of the ribosome |
shiga like vs diphtheria
|
|
|
aortic arch leading to carotids
|
3
|
|
|
aorticl arch leading to aortic arch and subclavians
|
4
|
|
|
aortic arch leading to pulmonary arteris
|
6
|
|
|
pharyngeal arches yielding no cranial nerves? aortic arch yeilding no vessels
|
no nerve by pharyngeal 5
no vessels by aortic 1, 2, 5 |
|
|
nerves from pharyngeal arches 1-6
|
1 - V
2 - VII 3 - IX 4 - X 5 - 6 - X (recurrent laryngeal) |
|
|
vessels from aortic arches 1-6
|
1 -
2 - 3 - carotids 4 - aortic arch, subclavians 5 - 6 - pulmonaries, ductus arteriorsis |
|
|
relation between event rate, control event rate and relative risk
|
relative risk = control rate - event rate
|
|
|
level for nerve to anal sphincter
|
S2-4 (pudendal nerve)
|
|
|
level for knee jerk reflex
|
L3-4
|
|
|
level for Achilles
|
S1-S2
|
|
|
levels for anocutaneous reflex
|
S2-4
|
|
|
loss of anocutaneous reflex indicates
|
cauda equiina syndrome
|
|
|
hormones related to neurophysins
|
oxytocin and vasopressin
from posterior pituitary |
|
|
decreased vasopressin (and therefore neuryphysins) may be associated with what disease
|
AD hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus
|
|
|
2 other mechanisms for Downs
|
mosaicism
unbalanced Robertonian translocations |
|
|
Cri du chat
Prader Willi Angelman all result from |
parial dletions
of course, prader Willi and Angelman are also imprinting related |
|
|
chromosome for cri du chat
|
cri du chat cinq!!!
5 |
|
|
paternal disomy eists in
|
complete hydatidiform mole
|
|
|
tissu from 1st pharyngeal pouch
|
epithelium of middle ear and auditory tube
1 auto audio` |
|
|
tissue from 2nd pharyngeal pouch
|
palatine tonsil
Two Tonsil |
|
|
tissue from third pharyngeal pouch
|
Thymus andn inferior parathyroids
THymmus Three and three is inferior to the number 4 |
|
|
tissu from fourth pharyngeal pouch
|
superior parathyroids, b, because 4 is superior to 3
|
|
|
only pharyngeal membrane and groove to produce anything
|
1
membrane is tympanic membrane groove is epithelium of external ear canal |
|
|
cell type with Birbeck (tennis racket like) granule
|
Langerhans cell
(dendritic cell in skin) |
|
|
shortest half-life benzo for quick help
|
alprazolam
AsAp Alprazolam |
|
|
long half life benzos
|
chlordiazepoxide
clonazepam diazepam |
|
|
to what do amonio acids usually tranfer their amino groups during metabolism
|
alpha ketoglutarate
|
|
|
artery that runs with radial nerve
|
deep brachial
Dont Break Radial or you might break DB |
|
|
bug whose vaccine contains bacterial capsular polysaccharid conjugated with diphtheria toxoid
|
h flue
|
|
|
what is in the BCG vaccine
|
live attenuated
mycobacterium bovis |
|
|
varicella vaccine contains
|
live attenuated varicella virions
|
|
|
hep B vaccine contains
|
purified
inactivated HbsAg |
|
|
itching pain in perirectal area
low CD4 count |
HPV leading to anal carcionma (squamous cell)
|
|
|
vagus stimulation will constrict what in the lungs?
|
airways, not vasculature
|
|
|
what kind of birth defects go along with valporate use by mother?
|
neural tube defects
|
|
|
ecthyma gangrenosum
immuno compromised patient in hospital |
pseudomonas
|
|
|
nerves innervated by musculocutaneous nerve
sensation mediated by it |
major arm flexors
lateral arm sensation |
|
|
sensation in posterior arm
|
radial nerve (posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm)
|
|
|
sensation in posterior forearm
|
radial nerve
|
|
|
sensation in medial forearm
|
ulner nerve
|
|
|
sensation on thenar eminance
|
radial nerve
|
|
|
infant
hypoglycemia hypertriglyceridemia lactic acidosis hepatomegaly |
Cori disease
possibly (not not always) a debrancher enzyme deficiency |
|
|
ssDNA viruses that is not enveloped
|
parvoviridae
fifth's disease, etc |
|
|
hepatitis with a DNA genome
|
hep B only
the others are ss RNA |
|
|
unenveloped hepatitis virus(es)
|
A and E (ther others are enveloped
|
|
|
major viruses for bronchitis
|
influenza A
RSV corona virus |
|
|
inheritance pattern of Lesch-Nyhan
|
X linked recessive
|
|
|
inheritance pattern of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
|
mitochondrial
|
|
|
quick formula for filtration fraction
|
creatnine or inulin clearance
dividied by PAH clearance |
|
|
main factor in aging of skin
|
collagen fibril production
|
|
|
4 year old boy
difficulty walking immunodeficiency with repeated sinopulmonary infections vulnerability to radiation injuries |
ataxia telangiectasia
cerebellar atrophy poor DNA repair |
|
|
DNA repair diseases
|
ataxia-telangiectasia
xeroderma pigmentosum Fanconia anemia Bloom syndrome HNPCC |
|
|
if you're given a relative risk, how do you figure out what percentage of cases can be attribute to the risk factor?
|
this is attributable risk, and you figure it out by (RR-1)/RR
|
|
|
best indicator of MR severity
|
S3 gallup, which indicates relatively high volume of regurgitant flow recycled back to LV during diastole
|
|
|
what is indicated by mycobacterium TB gowing in a serpentine cord fashion
|
this is cord factor which indicates virulence
a snake is poison! |
|
|
15 year old male
gait instability and frequent falls kyphoscoliosis pes cavus lower extremity ataxia impaired position and joint sensation inherited disease |
Friedreich ataxia
degeneration of posterior columns and spinocerebellar tracts loss of larger sensory cells of DRG eventual cardiomyopathy and bulbar function kill the patients |
|
|
what does the glu-val switch in HbS cause problems with
|
hydrophobic interaction among hemoglobin molecules
|
|
|
flattening of deltoid prominence caused by falling on outstretched hands
|
anterior dislocation of humerus from falling on outstretched hands
axillary nerve injury likely my ANT says it's humerus to fall on outstretched hands |
|
|
downward blow on tip of shoulder produces...
|
acromioclavicular joint subluxation
upward displacment of clavicle no associated nerve or sensory deficients |
|
|
is nerve injury associated with rotator cuff tear?
|
no
|
|
|
sensation lost with an axillary nerve injury
|
sensation over lateral arm
|
|
|
bacteria with polar granules that stain deeply with aniline dyes
|
corynebacterium diphtheriae
|
|
|
what do eosinophils release
|
major basic protein
|
|
|
major basic protein
|
released by eosinophils
antihelminthic |
|
|
antihelminthic toxin
|
kills helminths
released by eosinophils |
|
|
trip to south america
diarrheal illness rose spots on abdomen |
salmonella typhi
|
|
|
esophageal manometry shows non-peristaltic contractions of large ampliude and duration
|
Diffuse esophageal spasm
causes corkscrew esophagus can mimic the chest pain of unstable angina |
|
|
weakness
exertional dyspnea orthopnea opening snap and rumbling diastolic murmur over apex |
right antibiotic for oral anaerobes and gram positives
|
|
|
antibiotic with coverage for anaerobes and gram positives
|
clindamycin
|
|
|
trip to south america
diarrheal illness rose spots on abdomen |
salmonella typhi
|
|
|
bilateral hilar adenopathy and pulmonary infiltrates
|
sarcoidosis
|
|
|
esophageal manometry shows non-peristaltic contractions of large ampliude and duration
|
Diffuse esophageal spasm
causes corkscrew esophagus can mimic the chest pain of unstable angina |
|
|
cell type in bronchi that is elevated in sacrcoidosis
|
CD4= lymphocytes
sarcoidosis is a disease of disordered immune regulation |
|
|
weakness
exertional dyspnea orthopnea opening snap and rumbling diastolic murmur over apex |
right antibiotic for oral anaerobes and gram positives
|
|
|
antibiotic with coverage for anaerobes and gram positives
|
clindamycin
|
|
|
high CD8 cells in lung
|
lung transplant patient in chronic rejection
|
|
|
bilateral hilar adenopathy and pulmonary infiltrates
|
sarcoidosis
|
|
|
CD22 as a marker
|
ALL
|
|
|
cell type in bronchi that is elevated in sacrcoidosis
|
CD4= lymphocytes
sarcoidosis is a disease of disordered immune regulation |
|
|
median nerve runs through
|
flexor digitorums
median nmedian nerve runs throught he fingers to affect the fingers |
|
|
high CD8 cells in lung
|
lung transplant patient in chronic rejection
|
|
|
nerve that courses through the biceps brachi and corachobrachialis
|
musculocutaneous runs through muscles
|
|
|
CD22 as a marker
|
ALL
|
|
|
median nerve runs through
|
flexor digitorums
median nmedian nerve runs throught he fingers to affect the fingers |
|
|
nerve that courses through the biceps brachi and corachobrachialis
|
musculocutaneous runs through muscles
|
|
|
nerve that runs between the flexor carpi ulnaris and the flexor digiturum profundus
|
ulnar goes by ulnaris; claw hand by carpi. profUndUs
|
|
|
nerve that courses between olecranon and medial epicondyle of humerus (i.e., funny bone)
|
ulnar
fUnnybone (ulnar also goes between flexor carpui ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus |
|
|
nerve that courses through the supinator and the head of the radius
|
radial
radius for radial supinator for the wrist that might drop |
|
|
lipid rx that increases gallstones
|
bile acid binding resins that prompt resynthesis of bile acids -- plus there's more cholesterol in them so gallstones become more possible
fibrates that increase LPL and increase the cholesterol content of bile |
|
|
amino acids that are exclusively keto genic
|
leucin and lysine
this is significant because they can drive TCA without any risk of lactic acidosis |
|
|
nocturnal palpitations
head pounding with exertion |
palpitations - forceful ventricular contractions with large stroke volumes
head pounding - high amplitude pulsation of intracranial arteries widened pulse pressure due to AR |
|
|
widened pulse pressure
|
Aortic regurgitation
|
|
|
nerve that passes by hook of hamate and pisiform
|
ulnar
HUH Hook Ulnar Hamate |
|
|
loss of sensory innervation to the majority of the palmar and dorsal 1-3rd digits
|
median nerve
|
|
|
ape hand deformity (flattening of thenar eminence)
|
median nerve
|
|
|
reliability of a test depends on
|
reproducibility
relaibl reproducible |
|
|
60 year old smoker
very low sodium mass in lung |
SIADH
|
|
|
what is the typical total body volume for an SIADH patient
|
normal!!!
|
|
|
increased serum B-type natriuretic paptide
|
congestive heart failure
|
|
|
type of Ig found in colostrum
|
secretory IgA -- which is 2 Ig's bound by a J chain
|
|
|
most likely med for a PCOS patient
|
clomiphene that is an estrogen antagonist
|
