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595 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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gram positive with endotoxin
|
listeria
|
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kind of toxin that's secreted from cell
|
exo not endo
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which is lipopolysacccharide or polypeptide... endotoxin or exotoxin
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endo is LPS; exo is poly
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where are genes for endo and exotoxin
|
endo - chromosome
exo: plasmid or bacteriophage |
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which is more toxic, exo or endotoxin
|
exo>>> endo
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which is more antigenic, exo or endotoxin
|
exo>>> endo
|
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heat stability of endo vs exo
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exo is rapidly destroyed at 60; endo is stable at 100 for an hour
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which exotoxin is heat stable
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strep enterotoxin
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how does it avoid host immune response? staph aureus
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Protein A binds Fc region of Ig
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houw does it avoid host immune response? strep pneumo
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IgA protease
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houw does it avoid host immune response? h flu?
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IgA protease
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houw does it avoid host immune response? Neisserai
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IgA
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houw does it avoid host immune response? Group A strep
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M protein prevents phagocytosis
|
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mechanism of superantigens
|
bind MHCII and Tc cell receptor simultaneously, and can stimulate release of IFN gamma and IL-2
Super binds the structure |
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name two superantigens
|
s aureus TSST-1
S pyogenes - scarlet fever - erythrogenic toxin |
|
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poison that causes scalded skin syndrome
|
staph exfoliatin
|
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how does an ADP ribosylating A-B toxin work?
|
B binds to a receptor to enable endocytosis
A attaches an ADP ribosyl to a host cell protein function is altered |
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bugs that have ADP ribosylating A-B toxins
|
corynebacterium
vibrio cholerae E coli heat labile toxin Bordetella pertussis aBCdEpV |
|
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what does c dpitheriae's ADP toxin do?
|
inactivates elongation factor EF-2 causing pharyngitis and pseudomembrane
|
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what is cholera's ADP ribosylation
|
of G protein stimulating AC, causing increased Cl into gut lumen, more Na stays in lumen, etc
|
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What does e coli's ADP ribosylating toxin do
|
Heat labile toxin stimulates AC
Heat stable stimulates GC Labile like the Air; stable like the Ground |
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what does b pertussis' ADP ribosylating AB toxin do
|
increases cAMP by inhibiting the inhibitory Gi to cause whooping cough and lymphocytosis
|
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costridium perfringens' toxin and mechanism
|
alpha toxin
gas gangrene |
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double zone of hemolysis on blood agar
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clostridium perfringens alpha toxin
|
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toxin tha tblocks release of inhibitory neurotransitters GABA andglycine
|
c tetani
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toxin that blocks release of acetylcholine
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botulinum
|
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toxin in its complex is an AC
|
bacillus anthracis
|
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this toxin cleaves host cell rRNA and enhances cytokine release, causing HUS
|
shiga toxin (Shigella and E coli 0157)
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|
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ASO
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rheumatic fever
|
|
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how does endotoxin deal with heat?
|
it's heat stable
|
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what does endotoxin activate?
|
macrophages
complement (alternate pathway) Hageman factor |
|
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what factors get the alternate complement pathway going
|
C3a C5a
|
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|
blue green pigment
|
psudomonas
|
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red pigment
|
erratia
|
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novobicin resistant/sensitive
|
NO StRES
Saprophyticus resistant Epidermidis sensitive |
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optochin resistant/sensitive
|
OVRPS
Viridans Resistant Pneumoniae Sensitive |
|
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Bacitracin resistant/sensitive
|
B-BRAS
Group B Resistant group A Sensitive |
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chocolate agar
|
h flu
|
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Tellurite plate
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C diphteriae
|
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Loffler's media
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C diphtheriawe
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Lowenstein-jensen agar
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M tuberculosis
|
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pink colonies on MacConkey
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lactose fermenting enterics
|
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Charcoal yeast agar buffered with iron and cystein
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Legionella
|
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Sabouraud's agar
|
fungi
|
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Giemsa stain
|
Borrelia
Plasmodium trypanosomes Chlamydia Blast Past japanese giemsa Toward China |
|
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PAS stain is used to diagnose
|
Whipple's
|
|
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PAS stains
|
glycogen
mucopolysaccharids |
|
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Ziehl-Neelsen
|
acid fast bacteria
|
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India ink
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cryptococcus
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silver stain
|
fungi
legionella |
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DNA taken up directly from environment by competent prokaryotic an deukaryotic cells
|
transformation
|
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|
lytic phage infects bacterium leading to cleavage of bacterial DNA and synthesis of viral proteins. Parts of bacterial chromosomal DNA may become packaged in viral capsid. Phage infects another bacterium, transferring these genes
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Gneralized transduction
|
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Lysogenic phage infects bacteriu; viral DNA incorporated into bacterial chromosome When phage DNA is excised, flanking bacterial genes may be excised with it. DNA is packaged into phage viral capsid and can infect another bacterium
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Specialized transduction
|
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segment of DNA jumps (excision and reincorporatin) from one location to another and can transfer genes from plasmid to chromosome and vice versa
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transposition
|
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bugs that do lysogeny
|
ABCDE
shigA like toxin Botulinum toxin Cholera toxin Diphteria toxin Erythrogenic toxin of strep pyogenes |
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Obligate aerobes
|
Nagging Pests Must Breathe
Nocardia Pseudomonas Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillus |
|
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Obligate anaerobes
|
anaerobes know their ABCs
Can't Breathe Anything Actinomyces Bacteroides Clostridium |
|
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what do obligate anaerobes lack
|
catalase and /or superoxide dismutase
|
|
|
bugs that are generally foul smelling
|
obligate anaerobes
|
|
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which kind of antibiotics are not effective against anaerobes
|
AminOgllycosides because they require Oxygen to enter into the bacterial cell
|
|
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obligate intracelllular bugs
|
Stay inside when it's Really Cold
Rickettsia Chlamydia |
|
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Facultative intracellular
|
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY
Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella Legionella, Yersinia |
|
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Encapsulated bacteria are indicated by what?
|
positive quellung reaction
Quellung Swellung |
|
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encapsulated bacteria
|
Space Kapsules Need Heat
Strep pneumo H flu (esp B) Neisseria meningitidis Klebsiella pneumonia |
|
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Spore formers
|
Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium perfringens C tetani B cereus C botulinum |
|
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what do you have to do to kill spores
|
autoclave (like we do with surgical instruments
|
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Urease positive bugs
|
PHUK
Proteus H plori Ureaplasma Klebsiella |
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alpha hemolytic
|
strep penumonia
viridans strep |
|
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form green ring around colonies on blood agar
|
alpha hemolytic bacteria
|
|
|
beta hemolytic bacteria
|
beta BAMA
group B strep group A strep listeria Monocytogenes staph Aureus |
|
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food poisoning due to ingestion of preformed toxin
|
staph aureus
|
|
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rheumatic fever bug
|
Strep pyo
|
|
|
plus and minus of M protein antibodies
|
enhance host defenses but can give rise to rheumatic fever
|
|
|
Strep pneumo is the #1 cause of
|
MOPS
Meningitis Otitis media in kids Pneumonia Sinusitis |
|
|
evasion mechanisms of strep pneumo
|
Encapsulated
IgA |
|
|
rusty sputum
|
strep pneumo
|
|
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bug for sepsis in sickle cell and splenectomy
|
strep pneumo
|
|
|
Bacitracin resistant
Beta hemolytic |
group B strep!
|
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penicillin G resistant
|
Enterococci
|
|
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bug for subacute endocarditis
|
e faecalis and E faecium
S sanguis |
|
|
lancefield grouping applies to
|
enterococci
|
|
|
optochin resistant
|
Viridans -- live in the mouth because they are not afraid -of-the-chin
|
|
|
what is perfringens toxin
|
alpha toxin (lecithinase) that can cauge gangrene
|
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what is c difficiles toxin
|
cytotoxin that can kill enterocytes and cause pseudomembranous colitis
Difficile causes Diarrhea |
|
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Rx to treat c difficile diarrhea
|
metronidazole
|
|
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Diphtheria toxin
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exotoxin encoded by beta prophage
ADP ribosylation of EF-2 |
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Diphteria's feateures
|
ABCDEFG
ADP ribosylation Beta-prophage Corynebacterium Diphtheriae Elongation Factor 2 Granules (metachromic) |
|
|
only bacterium with a protein capsuel
|
anthrax
|
|
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form actin rockets
|
listeria monocytogenes
|
|
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how to treat nocardia and actinomyces
|
SNAP
sulfa for nocardia; actinomyces with penicillin |
|
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actinomyces and nocardia: aerobe?
|
Actinomyces anaerobe
nocardia aerobe |
|
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penicillin resistance in gram negatives
|
gram negas are resistant to penicilling G but may be susceptibe to penicillin derivatives like ampicillin
|
|
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causes waterhouse friderichsen
|
neisseria meningococci
|
|
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compare gonococci and Meningococci
|
goNOcocci
No polysaccharide capsule No maltose fermentation No vaccine Meningo is a yes on these |
|
|
which neisseria is sexually transmitted
|
gonococci
|
|
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what does H flue cause
|
haEMOPhilus
Epiglottitis Meningitis Otitis Pneumonia |
|
|
what does H flu vaccine contain
|
type B capsular polysaccharide conjugated to diphtheria toxioid or other protein
|
|
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Enterobacteriaceae members
|
E coli
Salmonella Shigella Klebsiella Enterobacter Serratia Proteus |
|
|
Common features of Enterobacteriaceae
|
COFFEe
Capsular O antigen Flagellar antigen Ferment glucoase Enterobacteriaceae |
|
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what does Klebsiella cause
|
3As
Aspiration pneumonia Abscess in luns Alcoholics |
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Lactose fermenters
|
Lactose is KEE. Test with MacConKEE
Citrobacter Klebsiella E coli Enterobacter |
|
|
what comes up on MacConkey
|
Lactose is KEE; shcekc iwht MacConKEE
|
|
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produces HsS
|
Salmonella
|
|
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which has flagellae: salmonella or shigella
|
salmonella
|
|
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bug that can mimic Crohn's or appendicitis
|
yersinia enterocolitica
|
|
|
contaminated seafood
|
V parahaemolyticus or vulnificus
|
|
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reheated rice
|
bacillus sereus
|
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mayonnaise
|
staph aureus
|
|
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custard
|
staph aureus
|
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reheated meat dishes
|
clostridium perfringes
|
|
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poultry and eggs
|
salmonella
|
|
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comma shaped
|
campylobacter
|
|
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bloody diarrhea
day care outbreaks |
yersinia
|
|
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bloody diarrhea
pseudomembranous colitis |
C difficile
|
|
|
can cause watery and bloody diarrhea
|
c difficile
|
|
|
bloody diarea
flagellar motility |
salmonella
|
|
|
bloody diarrhea
HUS |
E coli 0157
|
|
|
bloody diarrhea
protozoan |
entamoeba histolytica
|
|
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watery diarrhea
traveler's diarrhea |
enterotoxigenic E coli
|
|
|
watery diarrhea
comma shaped |
vibrio cholerae
|
|
|
watery diarrhea
gas gangrene |
c perfringens
|
|
|
watery diarrhea
protozoa |
Giardia
Cryptosporidium in immunocompromized |
|
|
watery diarrhea
viruses |
rotavirus
adenovirus nowalk virus |
|
|
cAMP inducers
|
Cholera turns the on on ; pertussis turns the off off
v cholerae activates Gs (ADP) Pertussis disables Gi (ADP) E coli - heat labile toxin (ADP) Bacillus antracis has an AC |
|
|
rx for legionella
|
erythromycin
|
|
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swimmers ear
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
diabetic osteomyelitis
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
pycyanin (blue green) pigment
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
grapelike odor
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
watery diarrhea
comma shaped |
vibrio cholerae
|
|
|
watery diarrhea
gas gangrene |
c perfringens
|
|
|
watery diarrhea
protozoa |
Giardia
Cryptosporidium in immunocompromized |
|
|
watery diarrhea
viruses |
rotavirus
adenovirus nowalk virus |
|
|
cAMP inducers
|
Cholera turns the on on ; pertussis turns the off off
v cholerae activates Gs (ADP) Pertussis disables Gi (ADP) E coli - heat labile toxin (ADP) Bacillus antracis has an AC |
|
|
rx for legionella
|
erythromycin
|
|
|
swimmers ear
|
pseudomonas
|
|
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diabetic osteomyelitis
|
pseudomonas
|
|
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pycyanin (blue green) pigment
|
pseudomonas
|
|
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grapelike odor
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
watery diarrhea
comma shaped |
vibrio cholerae
|
|
|
watery diarrhea
gas gangrene |
c perfringens
|
|
|
watery diarrhea
protozoa |
Giardia
Cryptosporidium in immunocompromized |
|
|
watery diarrhea
viruses |
the watery diarrhea RAN right out of me
rotavirus adenovirus nowalk virus |
|
|
cAMP inducers
|
Cholera turns the on on ; pertussis turns the off off
v cholerae activates Gs (ADP) Pertussis disables Gi (ADP) E coli - heat labile toxin (ADP) Bacillus antracis has an AC |
|
|
rx for legionella
|
erythromycin
|
|
|
swimmers ear
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
diabetic osteomyelitis
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
pycyanin (blue green) pigment
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
grapelike odor
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
endo and exotoxin
|
pseudomonas
|
|
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zoonotic bacteria
|
Big Bad Bugs From Your Pet
Bartonella henselae Borrelia burgdorferi Brucella spp Francisella tularensis Yersinia pestis Pasteurella multocida |
|
|
cat schratch fever
|
bartonella henselae
|
|
|
Undulant fever
|
Brucella spp in Unpasteurized dairy
|
|
|
rabbits
|
francisella tularensis
|
|
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cellulitis
|
pasteurella multocida
|
|
|
ghon focus with lobar and perihilar lymph node involvement
|
ghon complex
reflexts primary infection or exposure |
|
|
cervical lymphadenitis in kids
|
M scrofulaceum
|
|
|
armadillos
|
leprosy
|
|
|
leprosy tx
|
long term oral dapsone
|
|
|
dapsone toxicity
|
hemolysi and methemoglobinemia
|
|
|
what do rickettsiae need
|
they Need Colorado
CoA and NAD |
|
|
tx for most rickettsial infections
|
tetracycline
|
|
|
why is coxiella an atypical rickettsia
|
transmitted by aerosol and causes pneumonia
|
|
|
vector for RMSF
|
tick
|
|
|
vector for typhus
|
human body louse
|
|
|
epidemic typhus
|
R. prowazekii
|
|
|
Q fever bug
|
Coxiella burnetii
|
|
|
vector for ehrlichiosis
|
tick
|
|
|
vector for Q fever
|
inhaled aerosols
|
|
|
a Rickettsia that has no rash, no vector, no Weil Felix, its causative organism can survive outside for a long time and it does not have Rickettsia in its name
|
Q fever is Queer
|
|
|
RMSF vs typhus rash
|
Rickettsia on teh sRists; Typhus on the Trunk
|
|
|
Weil Felix
|
Rickettsial antibodies that cross-react with Proteus antigen
positive for RMSF, negative for Q fever |
|
|
elementary body and reticulate body
|
chlamydia
Elementary Enters; Reticulate Replicates |
|
|
avian reservoir
|
chlamydia psittaci
|
|
|
cell wall lacks muramic acid
|
chlamydia
|
|
|
causes reactive arthritis
conjunctivitis nongonococcal urethritis pelvic inflammatory disease |
chlamydia trachomatis
|
|
|
treating chlamydiae
|
erythromycin or tetracycline
|
|
|
Chlamydia serotypes
|
ABC - Africa blindness chronic
D-K urethritis/PID, ectopic pregnancy, neonatal pneumonia or conjunctivitis L1, 2, 3 - lymphogranuloma venereum |
|
|
lymphogranuloma venereum
|
chlamydia trachomatis serotypes L1-3
|
|
|
Frei tests
|
for acute lymphadenitis with chlamydia trachomatis
|
|
|
spirochetes
|
BLT. and B is Big
Borrelia (big size) Leptospira Treponema |
|
|
visualized with aniline dyes in light microscopy
|
Borellia
|
|
|
question mark shaped bacteria
|
leptospira interrogans
|
|
|
flulike symptoms
fever headache abdominal pain juundice in tropics |
leptospira interrogans
|
|
|
middle stage of Lyme disease
|
iN the Center of the disease
neurologic and cardiac manifestations |
|
|
yaws
|
treponema pertenue
|
|
|
positive VDRL
not an STD |
yaws - t pertenue
|
|
|
gummas
aortitis tabes dorsalis |
tertiary syphilis
|
|
|
saber shins
saddle nose VIII deafness Hutchinsons' teeth |
congenital syphilis
|
|
|
FTA-ABS
|
treponemes
better than VDRL most specific earliest positive remains positive the longest |
|
|
problem with VDRL test for?
|
syphillis
many false positives (mono hepatitis, drugs, rheumatic fever, sle, leprsoy) |
|
|
VDRL possible positives
|
Viruses (mono, hepatitis)
Drugs Rheumatic fever Lupus and leprosy |
|
|
does mycoplasma have a cell wall?
|
no
|
|
|
only bacterial membrane containing cholesterol
|
mycoplasma
|
|
|
pneumonia in military barracks
|
mycoplasma
|
|
|
insidious onset pneumonia
headache nonproductive cough diffuse interstitial infiltrate |
mycoplasma
|
|
|
cold agglutinins
|
mycoplasma
|
|
|
Eaton's agar
|
mycoplasma
|
|
|
why is mycoplasma penicillin resistant
|
no cell wall
|
|
|
germ tube test
|
candida albicans
|
|
|
fungus that is not dimorphic
|
aspergillus
cryptococcus |
|
|
heavily encapsulated yeast
|
cryptococcus neoformans
|
|
|
cultured on Sabouraud's agar
|
cryptococcus
|
|
|
detected by latex agglutination
|
cryptococus
|
|
|
soap bubble lesion on brian
|
cryptococus
|
|
|
branching at 90 degrees
|
Right Mangle
mucor rhyizopus |
|
|
rhinocerebral frontal lobe abscesses
|
mucor an drhizopus
|
|
|
rare fruiting bodes
|
aspergilus
|
|
|
IDd by methenamine silve stain of lung tissue
|
pneumocystis jiroveci
|
|
|
tx for pneumocystis
|
TMP-SMX
pentamidine dapsone To Deal with Pneumocystis |
|
|
unequally budding blobby yeast forms
|
sporothrix schenckii
|
|
|
rose gardener's disease
|
sporothrix schenckii
|
|
|
tx for sporothrix schenckii
|
Itraconazole
KI (potassium iodide) sporothrix schencKII |
|
|
tx for giardia
|
metronidazole
|
|
|
cysts in water
|
giardia
cryptosporidium entamoeba histolytica |
|
|
diagnose from trophozoites
|
giardia
trichomoas |
|
|
tx for trichomonas
|
metronidazole
|
|
|
tx for Chagas
|
nifurtimox
|
|
|
carried by tsetse fly
|
African sleeping sickness
|
|
|
diagnosed by macrophages containing amastigotes
|
Leishmania donovani
|
|
|
tx with sodium stibogluconate
|
Leishmania
|
|
|
where is plasmodiu in trophozoite ring form
|
RBC
|
|
|
where is plasmodium in merozoites
|
RBC schizont
|
|
|
severe cerebral malaria associated with
|
falciparum
|
|
|
which malaria have ddormant forms in liver (hypnozoites)
|
vivax
ovale |
|
|
tx for babesia
|
quinine
clindamycin Qualtese Cross |
|
|
acid fast cysts
|
cryptosporidium
|
|
|
tx for cryptosporidium
|
none
|
|
|
tx for toxoplasma gondii
|
sulfadiazine
and pyrimethamine spoling pussies |
|
|
cyst with four nuclei
|
entamoeba histolytica
|
|
|
bloody diarrhea
liver abscess RUQ pain |
entamoeba histolytica
|
|
|
severe diarrhea in AIDS
watery diarrhea in non-immunocompromised |
crypto
|
|
|
fever and hemolytic anemia
NE United States |
Babesia
|
|
|
rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis
|
naeglerio fowleri
|
|
|
enters via cribriform plate
|
naegleria fowleri
|
|
|
amoebas in spinal fluid
|
naeglerioa fowleri
|
|
|
tx for entamoeba histolytica
|
metronidazole
and iodoquinol |
|
|
scotch tape test
|
enterobius vermicularis
|
|
|
effs visible in feces
|
ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
|
|
|
periorbital edema from helminth infection
|
trichinella spiralis
|
|
|
tx for trichinella
|
Thiabendazole
T for T |
|
|
inflammation of muscle
picked up from undercooked pork |
Trichinella
|
|
|
larvae from soil penetrate skin
|
stongyloides stercoralis
|
|
|
tx for strongyloides
|
Ivermectin/thiabendasole
Ivermectin is a strong name |
|
|
larvae penetrate skin of feet. possible anemia
|
ancyostoma duodelae, Necator americanus
(hookworms) |
|
|
transmitted by female blackflies
|
river blindness (which is black!) = onchocerca volvulus
|
|
|
lizard skin
|
onchocerca volvulus
river blindness |
|
|
microfilaria
|
onchocerca volvulus
river blindness |
|
|
worm crawling in conjunctiva
|
loa loa
|
|
|
carried by mosquite and causes blockage of lymphatic vessels (elephantiasis)
|
Wuchereria bancrofti
|
|
|
tx for loa loa
|
diethylcarbamazine
|
|
|
tx for Wuchereria bancrofti
|
diethylcarbamazine
|
|
|
tx for toxocara canis
|
diethylcarbamazine
|
|
|
causes blindness by granulomas in retina
|
toxocara canis
|
|
|
tx for neurocysticercosis
|
albendazole
|
|
|
swiss cheese brain
|
taenia solium - neurocysticercosis
|
|
|
larvae in undercooked pork
|
taenia solium
|
|
|
eggs in dog feces
|
echinococcus granulosus
|
|
|
anaaphylaxis if antigens are released from cysts
|
echinococcus granulosus
|
|
|
tx for echinococcus
|
albendazole
|
|
|
snails are host
|
schistosoma
|
|
|
helmnth that causes pigmented gallstones and cholangiocarcinoma
|
clonorchis sinensis
|
|
|
helpmnth from undercooked crab meet
|
paragonimus westermani
|
|
|
ingested nematodes
|
Enterobius
Ascarsi Trichinella EAT |
|
|
cutaneous nematodes
|
Strongyloides
Ancylostoma Necator feet in the SANd |
|
|
brain cysts, seizures
|
taenia solium (neuro cysticercosis)
|
|
|
liver cysts
|
echinococcus granulosus
|
|
|
B12 deficiency with parasite
|
diphylloborhtrium latum
|
|
|
biliary tract disease with parasite
|
clonorchis sinensis
|
|
|
hemoptysis with parasite
|
paragonimus westermani
|
|
|
portal hypertension owith parasite
|
schistosoma mansoni
|
|
|
hematuria, bladder cancer with parsite
|
schistosoma haematobium
|
|
|
microcytic anemia with parasite
|
ancylostoma, Necator
|
|
|
cause of Typhoid fever? Typhus
|
Salmolnella typhi
Richettsia typhi (endemic) and Rickettsia prowazekii( epidemic) |
|
|
source of trichinella spiralis
|
undercooked meat
|
|
|
dsDNA viruses
|
all DNAs except parvovirus (part-of-virus)
|
|
|
linear DNA viruses
|
all except these circular ones:
papilloma polyoma hebadnaviruses |
|
|
ssRNA viruses
|
all RNA viruses except Reoviridae
reovirus is repeatovirus (2 strands) |
|
|
naked (nonenveloped viruses)
|
Naked CPR and PAPP smear
Calicivirus, Picornavirus, Reovirus Parvovirus, Adenovirus, Papilloma Polyoma |
|
|
only virus that acquires its envelope from nuclear membrane
|
herpesvirus
|
|
|
which viruses are haploid
|
all except retroviruses which have 2 indentical ssRNA molecules
|
|
|
where do DNA viruses replicate
|
all in nucleus, except pox
no Privacy for Pox (which has its own DNA-dependent RNA polymerase) |
|
|
where do RNA viruses replicate
|
all in cytoplasm, except
influenza retrovirus In the Room of the nucleus |
|
|
DNA viruses
|
HHAPPPPy
Hepadna Herpes Adeno Pox Parvo Papilloma Polyoma |
|
|
HHV6
|
roseola
|
|
|
echovirus
|
aseptic meningitis
|
|
|
reovirus
|
colorado tick fever
|
|
|
viral family of
HCV Yellow fever Dengue St. Louis encephalitis West Nile virus |
Flavivirus
|
|
|
virus family of
Rubella Eastern equine encephalitis Western equine encephalitis |
Toavirus
|
|
|
viruses with reverse transcriptase
|
HIV
HTLV |
|
|
2 coronavirus illnesses
|
common cold
SARS |
|
|
Paramyxovirus ailments
|
PaRaMyxovirus
Parainfluenza - croup RSV - bonchiolitis in babies Measles (Rubeola) Mumps |
|
|
live attenuated vaccines
|
Sabin Made Vital Saves of Youth
MMR Sabin polio VZV yellow fever Smallpox |
|
|
Killed viruses
|
RIP Always
Rabies Influenza Polio Salk (salK Killed) hepatitis A |
|
|
recombinant viruses
|
HBV
|
|
|
recombination or reassortment, which is the cause of flue virus pandemics
|
reassortment
|
|
|
Negative stranded viruses that need RNA polymerase
|
Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication Horribly
Arenaviruses Bunyaviruses Paramyxoviruses Orthomyxoviruses Filoviruses Rhabdoviruses Hepatitis delta virus |
|
|
Negative stranded viruses that must transcribe negative strand to positive using RNA polymerase
|
Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication Horribly
Arenavirus Bunyavirus Paramyxovirus Orthomyxovirus Filovirus Rhabdovirus Hepatitis delta virus |
|
|
Segmented viruses
|
BOAR - THe boar can tear you up into segments....
Bunyaviruses Orthomyxoviruses Arenaviruses Reoviruses |
|
|
temporal lobe encephalitis
|
HSV1
|
|
|
herpes viruses
|
get herpes in a CHEVrolet
CMV HSV EBV VZV |
|
|
negative monospont mono
|
CMV
|
|
|
posterior auricular node lymphadenopathy
|
EBV
|
|
|
heterophil antibodies
|
EBV
|
|
|
picronaviruses
|
PERCH on a peak-o
Polio Echo Rhino Coxcackie HAV |
|
|
Aedes mosquito
|
yellow fever virus
|
|
|
high fever
black vomitus jaunduice |
yellow fever
|
|
|
councilman bodies in liver
|
yellow fever virus
|
|
|
segmented dsRNA virus that causes villous destruction and leads to poor absorption of Na and water
|
rota virus
|
|
|
reassortment
|
influenza virus
|
|
|
amantadine and rimantadine
|
for influenza A only
a lot of resistance |
|
|
zanamivir and oseltamivir
|
used for A and B flu
|
|
|
rubeola
|
measles virus
|
|
|
red spots with blue-white center on buccal mucosa
|
Koplik spots
measels |
|
|
rash from head to toe
|
measles
|
|
|
bullet-shaped capsid
|
rabies virus
|
|
|
pharyngeal spasm
|
rabies virus
|
|
|
virus family of rubella
|
togavirus
|
|
|
virus family of rubeola
|
paramyxovirus; mea
|
|
|
Hep A is in what family
|
RNA picornavirus
Acorn Picorn |
|
|
Heb B is what kind of virus
|
DNA hepadna
Hep Badna hepadna |
|
|
how is heb b transmitted
|
Blood Borne B
|
|
|
which heps have carriers?
|
BCD
|
|
|
which Hep has reverse transcriptase
|
B
|
|
|
what is the key enzyme in the Hep B virion
|
DNA dependent DNA polymerase
|
|
|
type of virus C is
|
RNA flavivirus
Citrus has Flava |
|
|
hep that is common among drug users
|
C
C for cocaine |
|
|
which hepatitis virus is dependent and defective
|
HDV
|
|
|
what kind odf virus is hep E
|
RNA calicivirus
|
|
|
which hep has a high mortality in pregnant women
|
E
babE Expectant |
|
|
hepatitis that can have epidemics
|
E, of course, for Epidemics
|
|
|
which heps can become chronic
|
B and C
Become Chronic |
|
|
what does this hepatitis marker mean:
IgG HAVAb |
prior A infection
IgG aGo |
|
|
what does this hepatitis marker mean:
IgM HAVAb |
active hep A
IgM Manifesting |
|
|
what does this hepatitis marker mean:
HBsAg |
carrier state
S sticks like Glue |
|
|
what does this hepatitis marker mean:
HBsAb |
immunity to heb B
Stops B |
|
|
what does this hepatitis marker mean:
HBcAg |
core antigen
not sure it means anything, but its antibody means window period, recent diseae or chronic disease, depending on associated Ig |
|
|
what does this hepatitis marker mean:
HBcAb |
window period
|
|
|
IgG HBcAb
|
chronic disease
core chronic G glue |
|
|
what does this hepatitis marker mean:
HBcAb IgM |
recent hep C
IgM is about Manifesting disease |
|
|
which Heb antigen is positive in the windown period
|
HBcAg
windows to the Core of the Soul |
|
|
HBeAg
|
another antigenic determinant of HBV core
indicates Active rEplication and transmissibilitE BEware of Be |
|
|
HBeAb
|
indicates antibody to the e antigen and therefore low transmissibilitE
(vs HBeAg with indicated possibility of transmissibility) HBeAb - transmissilbe Body to Body HBeAg - not transmissible Glue |
|
|
hep diagnostic test during the incubation period
|
HBsAg
s for soon |
|
|
hep diagnostic test during the prodrome acute disease
|
HBsAg and antiHBc
|
|
|
hep diagnostic test during the early convalescence
|
Anti HBc (window period)
|
|
|
hep diagnostic test during the late convalexcence
|
Anti HBs (which is about immunity
|
|
|
AST and ALT in viral vs alcoholic hepatitis
|
ALT>AST in viral
AST>ALT in alcoholic alcoholic is toASTed |
|
|
antibodie that develpes form hep B immunization
|
HBsAb
|
|
|
what is the HIV genome
|
double stranded RNA
|
|
|
rectangular capsid protein of HIV
|
p24 (nice dimensions for a rectangle)
|
|
|
HIV envelope proteins
|
41 and 120
|
|
|
CXCR4 is on
|
T cells
|
|
|
CCR5 is on
|
macrophages
|
|
|
what mutation gives you HIV immunity
|
homozygous CCR5
heterozygotes get slower course |
|
|
test for presumptive HIV diagnosis
|
ELISA
puts you on the LISt |
|
|
problem with ELISA for HIV
|
high false positives to only useful to rule out HIV
|
|
|
what is used to confirm the ELISA test for HIV
|
Western blot
|
|
|
what is the weakness of the western blot test for HIV
|
high false negatives
(but ok because you precede it with ELISA with high false positive) |
|
|
what are HIV PCR tests used for
|
to monitor viral load and drug effectivness
|
|
|
at what CD4 count do you have AIDS
|
200
|
|
|
which HIV protein can cross placenta
|
anti-gp120
gestational protein this can lead to false positive diagnoses in babies born to infected mothers |
|
|
why are there so many false negatives in first 1-2 months of HIV infections
|
antibodies to viral proteins aren't always there yet
|
|
|
where does HIV replicate in latent phase
|
lymph nodes
Latent Lymph |
|
|
what antigen rises in immunodeficient period when counts are falling
|
p 24 antigen
|
|
|
HIV patient is at a CD count below what when he/she gets oral thrush
|
400
|
|
|
HIV patient is at a CD count below what when he/she gets tinea pedis
|
400
|
|
|
HIV patient is at a CD count below what when he/she gets shingles
|
400
|
|
|
HIV patient is at a CD count below what when he/she gets reactivationTB
|
400
|
|
|
HIV patient is at a CD count below what when he/she gets bacterial infections
|
400
|
|
|
HIV patient is at a CD count below what when he/she gets reactivation HSV
|
200
|
|
|
HIV patient is at a CD count below what when he/she gets crytosporidiosis
|
200
|
|
|
HIV patient is at a CD count below what when he/she gets Isospora
|
200
|
|
|
HIV patient is at a CD count below what when he/she gets coccidioidomycosis
|
200
|
|
|
HIV patient is at a CD count below what when he/she gets pneumocystis
|
200
|
|
|
HIV patient is at a CD count below what when he/she gets candidal esophagitis
|
100
THE (toxo histo eso) at 100 because you're getting close to THE end |
|
|
HIV patient is at a CD count below what when he/she gets toxoplasmosis
|
100
THE (toxo histo eso) at 100 because you're getting close to THE end |
|
|
HIV patient is at a CD count below what when he/she gets histoplasmosis
|
100
THE (toxo histo eso) at 100 because you're getting close to THE end |
|
|
HIV patient is at a CD count below what when he/she gets CMV retinitis and esophagitis
|
50
CMC (CMV, MAC, Cryto) - you end up in the hospital for sure when you are at 50 |
|
|
HIV patient is at a CD count below what when he/she gets disseminated MAC
|
50
get to CMC (CMV, MAC, Crypto) when you're below 50 |
|
|
HIV patient is at a CD count below what when he/she gets cryptococcal meningitis
|
50
get to CMC (CMV, MAC, Crypto) when you're below 50 |
|
|
neoplasms associated with HIV
|
Kaposi
HPV primary CNS lymphoma non-Hodgkins lymphoma |
|
|
how does HIV get brain access
|
infected macrophages
|
|
|
difference between normal and pathologic prions
|
alpha pleated sheets - normal
Beta is Bad |
|
|
normal flora on skin
|
staph epidermidis
|
|
|
normal flor on nose
|
epidermidis (colonized by aureus sometiems)
|
|
|
normal flor in oropharynx
|
viridans
|
|
|
normal flora in dental plaqu
|
strep mutans
|
|
|
normal flora in colon
|
bacteroides > E coli
Bowel Entrants |
|
|
normal flor in vagina
|
lactobacillus
colonized by E coli and group B strep |
|
|
common causes of pneumonia in neonates
|
group B strep
E coli BabE |
|
|
common causes of pneumonia in children up to 18
|
Runts May Cough Sputum
RSV Mycoplasma Chlamydia Strep pneumo top two are RSV and Myco |
|
|
common causes of pneumonia in adults
|
Mycoplasma
C pneumoniae S pneumoniae a grown Man Coughs Sputum top two are Myco and Pneumo |
|
|
common causes of pneumonia in adults
|
S penumo
H flu Anaerobes Viruses Mycoplasm SHAVe M Top two are pneumo and flu |
|
|
common causes of pneumonia in eldernly
|
S pneumo
Viruses Anaerobes H flu Gram negative rods Top two are pneumo and viruses |
|
|
nosocomial pneumonias
|
staph, gram - rods
|
|
|
pneumo in HIV
|
pneumocystis jiroveci
|
|
|
aspiration pneumo bug
|
anaerobes
|
|
|
alcoholic pneumonia bug
|
strep pneumo
Klebsiella Staphylococcus |
|
|
postviral pneumonias
|
staph
H flu |
|
|
atypical pneumonias
|
mycoplasma
legionella chlamydia |
|
|
thrombocytopenia
eczema immunodefieincy with recurrent pulmonary infectiosn |
Wiskott Aldrich
Wiskott Aldrich is a PEPpy old bastard Platelts down Eczema Pulmonary infections |
|
|
common causes of meningitis in newborns
|
group B strep
E coli |
|
|
common causes of meningitis in childre 6 mos to 6 years
|
Strep pneumo
Neisseria |
|
|
common causes of meningitis in 6 - 60 yeas
|
Neisseria
Enteroviruses |
|
|
common causes of meningitis in over 60
|
strep pneumo
Gram negatives |
|
|
viral causes of meningitis
|
entero virus (esp coxsackie
HSV HIV West Nile VZV |
|
|
Meningitis in HIV
|
Crypto
CMV toxo JC |
|
|
normal pressure meningitis
|
viral
|
|
|
most common viral meningitis
|
HSV
|
|
|
normal protein meningitis
|
Viral
|
|
|
normal sugar meningitis
|
Viral
|
|
|
osteomyelitis in diabetics and drug addicts
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
most common cause of osteomyelitis
|
staph
you need a staph to walk with if your bones are infected |
|
|
osteomyelitis in sickle cell patients
|
salmonella
salmonella sickle |
|
|
bug that causes osteomyelitis from cat or dog bites
|
pasteurella multocida
|
|
|
common caues of nosocomial UTIs
|
E coli
Proteus Klebsiella Serratia Pseudomoonas |
|
|
positive leukocyte esterase
|
bacterial UTI
|
|
|
positive nitrite test
|
gram negative UTI
|
|
|
metallic sheet on EMB agar
|
E coli
|
|
|
large mucoid capsule and viscous colonies
|
klebsiella
|
|
|
swarming motility on agar
|
proteus mirabilis
|
|
|
bug associated with struvite stones
|
proteus
|
|
|
blue green pigment
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
chorioretinitis
intracranial calcifications hydrocephalus |
congenital toxoplasma gondii (can be asymptomatic at birth)
|
|
|
PDA
pulmonary arter stenosis mother had infection |
rubella
|
|
|
petechial rash
intracranial calcificaions jaundice |
CMV (asymptomatic at birth 90%)
|
|
|
baby born with hepatosplenomegaly
frequent infectiosn |
HIV congenital
|
|
|
symptoms of secondary syphilis
|
fever
lymphadenopathy skin rash condylomata lata |
|
|
urethritis
cervicitis conjunctivitis Reiter's PID |
clamydia
|
|
|
bug for rectal strictures
|
lymhogranuloma venereum, caused by Trichomonas vaginalis
|
|
|
HPV types for condylomata acuminata
|
6 and 11
|
|
|
HPV types for cervical cancer
|
16 and 18
|
|
|
positive whiff test
|
gardnerella vaginalis
|
|
|
clue cells
|
gardnerella vaginalis
|
|
|
bugs in nosocomial nurseries
|
CMV
RSV |
|
|
nosocomial urinary catheterization bugs
|
E coli
Proteus |
|
|
nosocomial with respiratory therapy equipment
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
nosocomial with work in renal dialsysi unit
|
HBV
Heb B wiith diaBetics |
|
|
pus
empyema abscess |
staph aureus
|
|
|
pediatric infection
epiglottitis |
h flu
|
|
|
pneuoni in CF, burns
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
branching rods in oral infection
|
actinomyces
|
|
|
traumatic open wound
|
clostridium
|
|
|
surgical wound
|
staph aureus
|
|
|
dog or cat bite
|
pasteurella
|
|
|
currant jelly sputum
|
klebsiella
|
|
|
block peptidoglycan synthesis
|
bacitracin
vancomycin |
|
|
disrupt bacterial cell membranes
|
polymixins
|
|
|
MOA of sulfonamides
|
block nucleotide synthesis via DHPA synthase and folic acids
|
|
|
MOA of trimethoprim
|
blocks nucleotide synthesis via DHFR and FH4
|
|
|
MOA of quinolones
|
block DNA topoisomerase
|
|
|
MOA of rifampin
|
blocks mRNA synthesis by piercing beta subunit
|
|
|
MOA of metronidazole
|
nitro radical producer
|
|
|
MOA of chloramphenicol
|
50S ribosome
transpeptidase |
|
|
MOA of macrolides
|
50S ribosome
translocation inhibitor |
|
|
MOA of clindamycin
|
50S ribosome
translocation inhibitor |
|
|
MOA of streptogramins
|
50S ribosome
quinipristin blocks translocation Dalfopristin blocks peptide bond formation |
|
|
MOA of linezolid
|
initiation inhibitor
blocks 50S birosome |
|
|
bacteriostatic antibiotics
|
ECSTaTiC about bacteriostatics
Erythromycin Clindamycin sulfa methoxazole Trimethoprim Tetracclines Chloramphenicol |
|
|
bactericidal antibiotics
|
Very Finely Proficient At Cell Murder
Vanco Fluroquinolones Penicillin Aminoglycosides Cephalosporins Metronidazole |
|
|
MOA of penicillin
|
1. bind penicillin binding proteins
2. block transpeptidase 3. activate autolytic enzymes |
|
|
Penicillinase resistant penicillins
|
methicillin
nafcillin dicloxacillin |
|
|
what confers penicillinase resistance to penicillins
|
bulkier R group
|
|
|
toxicity of methicillin
|
interstitial nephritis
|
|
|
MOA of ampicillin and amoxicillin
|
same as penicillin, just wider spectrum than penicillin
|
|
|
bug coverage of ampicillin/amoxicillin
|
HELPS
H flu E coli Listeria Proteus Salmonella |
|
|
amoxicillin/ampicillin side effect that penicillins don't have
|
pseudomembranous colitis
|
|
|
use of ticarcillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin
|
antipseudomanls
TCP takes care of pseudomonas |
|
|
1st generation cephalosporins cover
|
PEcK
Proteus E coli Klebsiella |
|
|
2nd generation cephalosporins cover
|
HEN PEcKS
H flu Enterobacter Neisserias Proteius E colia Klebsiella Serratia |
|
|
3rd generation cephalosporins cover
|
serious gram negatives resistant
ceftazidime fo rpseudomonas ceftriaxone for gonorrhea |
|
|
4th generation cephalosphorin
|
increased pseudomonas activity
|
|
|
use ceftazidime for
|
pseudomnas
|
|
|
use ceftriaxone for
|
gonorrhea
|
|
|
use cefipime for
|
pseudomans
|
|
|
side effect of cefamandole
|
disulfirmal-like reaction with enthanol
|
|
|
use aztreonam for
|
gram negative rods
|
|
|
what is administered with Cilastin
|
imipenem
|
|
|
drug of choice for enterobacter
|
imipenem
|
|
|
side effect of imipenem
|
CNS toxicity/ seizures
Meropenem has less risk |
|
|
drug that binds d-ala
|
vancomycin
|
|
|
vancomycin side effects
|
NOT Many
Nephrotoxicity Ototoxicity Thrombophlebitis Red man syndrome - flushing but generally well tolerated |
|
|
which drugs are aminoclycosides
|
all the mycins except macrolides
Amikasin |
|
|
which antibiotics require O2 for uptake adn so can't work agasint anaerobes
|
aminOglcyOsides
|
|
|
drug that's used for bowel surgery
|
neomycin
|
|
|
which antibiotics are a teratogen
|
aminoglycosides
|
|
|
which antibiotic can't be used in renal failure patients
|
doxycycline
|
|
|
which antibiotics can't be taken with milk, atnacids, or iron containing preparations
|
tetracyclines
|
|
|
use for tetracyclines
|
VACUUM THeBedRoom
Vibrio cholerae, Acne, Chlamydia, reaplasma, Urealyticum, Mycoplasma, Tularemia, H pylori, Borrelia burdgorferi, Rickettsia |
|
|
macrolides
|
ACE
Azithromycin ClarithromycinErythromycin the THROMYCINs |
|
|
antibiotics that bind to the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosome
|
macrolides
|
|
|
antibiotics that increase serum concentration of theophyllines
|
macrolides
|
|
|
antibiotics that aincrease serum concentration of oral anticoagulants
|
macrolides
|
|
|
choloramphenicol is ussed for
|
meningitis
|
|
|
toxicities of chloramphenicol
|
anemia
aplastic anemia gray baby sundrome (lack UDP glucuronyl transferase) |
|
|
trimethoprim side effects
|
TMP Treats Marrow Poorly
megloblastic anemia leukopenia granulocytopenia (folic acid might help) |
|
|
lindamycin side effect
|
pseudomembranous colitis
|
|
|
clindamycin use
|
anaerobes above the diaphragm
bacteroides clostridium perfringens |
|
|
SMX use
|
Nocardia
Chlamydia UTI |
|
|
sulfonamide toxicity
|
hemolysis if G6PD deficient
photosensitivity kernicterus in infants displaces other drugs from albumin (e.g., warfarin) |
|
|
antibiotic that displaces other drugs from albumin
|
sulfonamides
|
|
|
antibiotic that causes kernicterus in infants
|
sulfonamides
|
|
|
fluoroquinolone toxicity
|
FluoroquinoloneS hurt attachments to your BONES
|
|
|
use of fluoroquinolones
|
Pseudomonas
Neisseria |
|
|
used on anaerobic infections below the diaphragm
|
Metronidazole
|
|
|
Metronidazole used for
|
GET GAP on teh METRO
Giarida Entamoeba Trichomonas Gardnerella vaginalis Anaerobes (Bacteroides Clostridium) hPylori |
|
|
toxicity of metronidazole
|
Disulfiram like reaction
Drinking alcohol on the metro |
|
|
toxiity of polymyxins
|
acute renal tubular necrosis
|
|
|
MOA of polymyxins
|
MYXins MIX up membranes
|
|
|
drug for TB prophylaxis
|
isoniazid
|
|
|
TB treatment
|
RIPE
rifampin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol |
|
|
drug for MAC prophylaxis
|
azithromycin
My AZ for MAC |
|
|
drug for MAC tx
|
get your burger SEARed at MACdonalds
Streptomycin Ethambutol Azithromycin Rifampin |
|
|
drug for leprosy prophylaxis
|
none
|
|
|
drugs for leprosy tx
|
dapsone
rifampin clofazimine Rid the Diseased from the City |
|
|
key side effect of etheambutol
|
optic neuropathy (red green color blindness)
|
|
|
key side effect for all tb drugs except ethambutol
|
hepatotoxicity
|
|
|
Isoniazid side effects
|
Hemolysis (G6PD)
Neurotoxicity Hepatotoxicity (prevent with B6) SLE-like syndrome |
|
|
the Four R's of Rifampin
|
RNA polymerase inhibitor
Revs up microsomal P450 Red/orange body fluids Rapid Resistance if used alone |
|
|
what drug can be used for meningococcal prophylaxis and chemoprophylaxis in contacts of children with H flu B
|
Rifampin
|
|
|
how do we get resistance to penicillins?
|
beta lactamase cleavage of beta lactam ring
altered PBP in the case of MRSA |
|
|
how do we get resistance to cephalosporins
|
beta lactamase cleavage of beta lactam ring
altered PBP in the case of MRSA |
|
|
how do we get resistance to aminoglycosides
|
modification via acetylation, adenylation or phosphorylation
|
|
|
how do we get resistance to vancomycin
|
D-ala replaced with D-lac
decreased affinity |
|
|
how do we get resistance to chlorampheniol
|
acetylation
|
|
|
how do we get resistance to macrolides?
|
methylation of rRNA near erythromycin's ribosome-binding site
|
|
|
how do we get resistance to tetracycline
|
decreased uptake or increased transport out of cell
|
|
|
how do we get resistance to sulfonamides
|
altered enzyme, dihydropterooate synthetase
decreased uptake increased PABA synthesis |
|
|
how do we get resistance to quinolones
|
altered gyrase or reduced uptake
|
|
|
rx for prophylaxis of meningococcal infection
|
rifampin (or minocycline)
|
|
|
rx for prophylaxis of gonorrhea
|
Ceftriaxone
|
|
|
rx for prophylaxis of syphilis
|
benzathine penicillin G
|
|
|
rx for prophylaxis of TMP-SMX
|
recurrent UTIs
|
|
|
rx for prophylaxis of penumocystis pneumonia
|
TMP-SMX
|
|
|
rx for prophylaxis of endocarditis with surgical or dental procudures
|
penicillins
|
|
|
tx for MRSA
|
vancomycin
|
|
|
rx for VRE
|
linezolid
streptogramins |
|
|
Amphotericin toxicity
|
Amphoterrible!
Shake and bake hypotnesion nephrotoxicity arrhythmias anemia IV phlebitis |
|
|
nystatis used for
|
oral candidiasis
|
|
|
rx for Blasto
|
amphotericin
Ketoconazole |
|
|
rx for Crypto
|
amphotericin
and Fucytosine |
|
|
rx for Coccidio
|
Amphotericin
Azoles |
|
|
rx for Aspergillus
|
Amphotericin
Aspergillis is Amphotericin Alone |
|
|
rx for Histo
|
Amphotericin
Azole |
|
|
rx for Candida
|
amphotericin and flycytosine
Azoles oral with nystatin |
|
|
flucytosine is used for
|
Candida and Crypto
in combo with Amphotericin |
|
|
rx for Mucor
|
Amphotericin
|
|
|
rx for tinea, ringworm
|
griseofulvin
|
|
|
Azole toxicities
|
gynecomastia
liver dysfunction - inhibits P450 fever chills |
|
|
caspofungin toxicity
|
flushing
caspoFLUSHgin |
|
|
rx for onychomycosis
|
terbinafine
|
|
|
toxicity for griseofulvin
|
teratogenic
carcinogenic increases P450 increases warfarin metabolism |
|
|
Amantadine - mnemonic for use and toxicity
|
Amatadine blocks influenza A and rubellA and causes problems with the cerebellA
|
|
|
mechanism of Amantadine resistance
|
aMantadine Mutated M2
|
|
|
uses for amantadine
|
influenza A
Parkinsons |
|
|
which crosses BBB: Amantadine or rimantadine
|
Amantadine
|
|
|
what kind of nucleotide analog is ribavirin
|
guanine
|
|
|
MOA of ribavirin
|
competitively inhibits IMP dehydrogenase to inhibit synthesis fo guanine nucleotides
|
|
|
use of rivabirin
|
RSV
chronic hep C |
|
|
toxicity of ribivirin
|
hemolytic anemia
severe teratogen |
|
|
acyclovir used for
|
HSV
vZV EBV |
|
|
med for zoster
|
famciclovir
|
|
|
mechanism of resistance to acyclovir
|
no thymidine kinase
|
|
|
toxicity of acyclovir and ganciclovir
|
acyclovir has none to speak of
Ganciclovir (used for CMV) causes pancytoppenia and renal toxicity! |
|
|
mechanism of resistance to ganciclovir
|
mutated CMV DNA polymerase or lack of viral kinase
|
|
|
direct viral DNA polymerase inhibitor
|
foscarnet
|
|
|
use of foscarnet
|
CMV retinitis when ganciclovir fails
acyclovir-resistant HSV |
|
|
use of ganciclovir
|
CMV
|
|
|
which drugs are protease inhibitors
|
-Navirs
NAVIR TEASE a proTEASE |
|
|
toxicity of indinavir
|
thrombocytopenia
|
|
|
what kind of drug is zidovudine
|
NNRTI
|
|
|
what kind of drug is didanosine
|
NNRTI (ddI)
|
|
|
what kind of drug is salcitabine
|
NNRTI (ddC)
|
|
|
what kind of drug is stavudine
|
NNRTI 9d4T)
|
|
|
what kind of drug is lamivudine
|
nucleoside analog (3TC)
|
|
|
what kind of drug is abacavir
|
NNRTI
|
|
|
non nucleoside RTIs
|
Never Ever Deliver nucleosides
Nevirapin Efavirenz Delavirdine |
|
|
what can you give to reduce the bone marrow suppression caused by NNRTIs
|
GM-CSF
EPO |
|
|
rx for HIV prophylaxis and to prevent fetal transmission
|
ZDV (the drug formerly known as AZT)
|
|
|
Efavirenz vs Enfuvirtide
|
Efavirenz in an NNRTI
Enfuvirtide is a gp41 binder that blocks fusion |
|
|
what is IFN alpha used for as a drug
|
chronic hep B and C
Kaposi sarcoma |
|
|
what is IFN beta used for as a drug
|
MS
Lets Beat MS |
|
|
what is IFN gamma used for as a drug
|
NADPH oxidase deficiency
|
|
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy
|
SAFE Moms Take Really Good Care
Sulfonamides Aminoglycosides Fluoquinoloes Erythromycin Metronidazole Tetracyclines Ribavirin Griseofulvin Chloramphenicol |
|
|
teratogenic antibiotics
|
Ribavirin
Griseofulvin |
|
|
what results if a pregnant mother takes sulfonamides
|
kernicterus
SulK |
|
|
what results if a pregnant mother takes aminoglycosides
|
ototoxicity
|
|
|
what results if a pregnant mother takes fluoroquinolones
|
cartilage damage
|
|
|
what results if a pregnant mother takes erythromycin
|
acute cholestatic hepatitis in the mOM
|
|
|
what results if a pregnant mother takes metronidazole
|
mutagenesis
Metro Mutagenesis |
|
|
what results if a pregnant mother takes tetracyclines
|
discolored teeth
inhibition of bone growth |
|
|
what results if a pregnant mother takes ribavarin
|
teratogenic
|
|
|
what results if a pregnant mother takes griseofulvin
|
teratogenic
|
|
|
what results if a pregnant mother takes chloramphenicol
|
gray baby
|
