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224 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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which nerves affected first with anesthetic
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small
myelinated |
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LA
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decrease membrane's perm to Na
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LA bind to
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inactivation gates of fast voltage gated Na channel
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spinothalamic
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anterior
lateral |
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spinothalamic
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somatosensory system
temp pain light touch |
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lateral spinothalamic tracts
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pain
temp |
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anterior spinothalamic tract
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light touch
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dorsal column
medial lemiscal system |
posterior columns
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what crosses to opposite side in medulla
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DC-ML
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touch
pressure vibration |
dorsal column medial lemiscal
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sensory info carried
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fasciculus gracilus, cuneatus
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medial lemniscus
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from nucleus gracilus and cuneatus
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2 excitatory inputs arrive at postsynaptic neuron simultaneously
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spatial summation
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arrive @ postsynaptic in rapid succession
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temporal summation
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increase in frequency of nerve impulses in single presynaptic fiber
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temporal summation
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faster way to travel down axon
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saltatory conduction
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value of saltatory conduction
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1-increase velocity of transmission
2-conserves energy for axon bc only the node depolarizes |
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inhibitory neurotransmitters
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GABA
glycine |
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1-increase in memb perm to Cl
2-or K |
IPSP=
inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
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binds to receptors in the spinal cord opening Cl
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glycine
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one way direction for nerve impulses bc
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synapses are polarized
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electrical synapsis in
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1-cardiac
2-smooth |
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basal ganglia
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1-caudate nucleus
2-putamen 3-globus pallidus |
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output of cerebellum
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excitatory
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output of basal ganglia
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inhibitory
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equilibrium
muscle coordination |
cerebellum
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cebral motor cortex sends info to
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1-basal ganglia
2-cerebellum |
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ANS cholingergic receptors
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nicotinic
muscarinic |
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pyramidal system
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corticospinal tract
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1-pyramidal
2-extrapyramidal |
umn
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motor cortex located
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frontal lobe
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fine skilled movements of skeletal muscle
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pyramidal
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gross motor movements for
posture balance |
extrapyramidal
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primary motor cortex >
internal capsule > medulla > cross over spinal cord |
pyramidal system
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premotor area of frontal >
pons > cross > spinal cord > anterior horn > LMN |
extrapyramidal system
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sympathetic ganglia
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paravertebral chain
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sympathetic postganglionic neurons
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noradrenergic
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rubrospinal
reticulospinal vestibulospinal tectospinal |
extrapyramidal
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pregang neurons of sympathetic in spinal cord
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thoracolumbar region
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pregang parasympath originate
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craniosacral region
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cholinergic
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parasympathetic postgang
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noradrenergic
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sympathetic postgang
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effector organs
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parasympathetic ganglia are located
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relative refractory period
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hyperpolarization
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ANS adrenergic receptors
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alpha
beta |
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smooth muscle
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alpha 1 receptors
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presynaptic nerve terminal
platelets fat cells GI walls |
alpha 2
inhibition relazation/dilation |
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heart
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beta 1
excitation |
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smooth muscl
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beta 2
relaxation/dilation |
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stimulates alpha receptors
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norepineph
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stimulates alpha/beta
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EPI
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-40 millivolts
-85 millivolts |
resting membrane potential
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1-somatic nervous system
2-ANS |
PNS
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ANS are i
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involuntary
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somatic
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not involuntary
12 cranial nerves 31 spinal (pairs) |
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effector organs
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cardiac
smooth mm visceral organs glands |
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pregang sympathetic neurons release
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Ach
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Ach binds to ? on postgang
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nicotinic cholinergic R
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neurotransmitter released by most postgang sympath neuron
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NE
binds to alpha/beta adrenergic R |
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Postsynaptic membrane R of neuromuscular jxn is
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nicotinic R
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what does Ach open in motor end plate
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Na channels
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if AchE is nhibited?
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prolongatyion of end plate potential EPP
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what makes membrane less negative
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depolarization
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supplied by
cranial nerves spinal nerves |
dermatome
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neuroglial cells
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support
nourishment for neurons |
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neural crest >
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DRG
autonomic ganglion chromaggin (adrenal medulla) neurolemmna intefumentary pigment meningeal covering brain/SC |
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area of skin supplied by single spinal nerve
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dermatome
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schwann cells >
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peripheral nerve fibers
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spinal cord
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white matter
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pain
temp |
lateral spinothalamic
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oligodentrocytes
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CNS
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touch
pressure |
anterior
spinothalamic tract |
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subconscious proprioception
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sensory impulses one side of body to same side
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conscious proprioception
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fine touch localization
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fasciculus
-gracilis -cuneatus |
impulses
skin muscle tendons joints |
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anterior roots >
via intervertebral foramina |
anterior rami
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posterior roots >
via intervertebral foramina |
posterior rami
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dorsal posterior rami >
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skin of back
deep muscles of back |
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cervical
brachial lumbar sacral |
anterior rami unite to form plexuses
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body organs innervated
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sympath
parasympath |
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DAP
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dura mata
arachnoid pia mater |
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separate to form venous sinuses in cranial cavity
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dura mater
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contains CSF
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arachnoid
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choroid plexuses
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in ventricles of brain
1-pia mater 2-ependymal cells |
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regulate intraventricular pressure
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choroid plexuses
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secretion / absorption of CSF
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in pia mater
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most of cranial nerves from
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brainstem
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crossing of motor tracts
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medulla oblongata
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auditory/visual reflex centers
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midbrain
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respiratory center
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pons
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vasomotor center
cardiac center |
medulla oblongata
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control cough reflex
gag reflex swallow vomit |
medulla
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relay station
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pons
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brainstem =
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midbrain
pons medulla |
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separates
hemispheres of cerebellum |
falx cerebelli
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2 horizontal folds
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1-tentorioum cerebelli
2-diaphragm sellae |
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contains
inferior sagital sinuses superior sagital sinuses |
falx cerebri
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separates
cerebral hemispheres |
falx cerebri
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separates
occipital lobes from cerebellum |
tentorium cerebelli
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2 vertical folds
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1-falx cerebri
2-falx cerebelli |
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roof of sella turcica
|
diaphragm sellae
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contains occipital sinus
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falx cerebelli
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opening allows infundibular stalk of pituitary gland
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diaphragm sellae
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contains
1-straight 2-transverse 3-superior petrosal sinuses |
tentorium cerebelli
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contains
inferior sagittal sinus superior sagittal sinus |
falx cerebri
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dura mater
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double layer
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dura mater
-endosteal layer = |
adheres
inner cranium |
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dura mater
-meningeal layer = |
forms partitions btw regions of brain
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gray matter
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unmyelinated
nerve cell bodies |
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filled w
CSF |
ventricles
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telencephalon
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cerebrum
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80% brains mass
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cerebrum
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thalamus
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diencephalon
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hypothalamus
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diencephalon
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cerebral medulla =
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thicker core of
white matter |
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thalamus
hypothalamus epithalamus pit = |
diencephalon
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forebrain =
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telencephalon
diencephalon |
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epithalamus
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diencephalon
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brain =
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forebrain
midbrain hindbrain |
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pituitary glan
|
diencephalon
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support neurons of PNS=
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satellite
schwann |
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rhombencephalon
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hindbrain
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neuroglia cells from
|
ectoderm
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microglia
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mesoderm
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cns that support neurons
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1-astrocytes
2-oligodend 3-microglia 4-ependymal |
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form myelin within PNS
|
schwann cells
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all parasympath
pre post release |
Ach
|
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sympath
pregang |
ach
|
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sympath
postgang |
NE
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|
sympath
pregang originate |
T1-L3
thoracolumbar region |
|
|
parasympath
pregang originate |
cranial
craniosacral S2-S4 |
|
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sympath/parasympath
postgang synapse |
effector organs
|
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CSF
|
ventricles
|
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|
neural tube >
|
brain
|
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4 ventricles
|
2 lateral
3rd ventricle 4th ventricle |
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obstruction of
cerebral aqueduct enlarges |
2 lateral
3rd ventricle NOT 4TH |
|
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"c" shape
within R/L cerebral hemispheres |
2 lateral ventricle
|
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ventricle within forebrain=
diencephalon |
3rd
|
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communication btw
lateral ventricles 3rd ventricles |
2
interventricular foramina of Monro |
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|
connects
3rd 4th ventricles |
cerebral aqueduct
|
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where is cerebral aqueduct
|
midbrain
|
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4th ventricle location
|
hindbrain=
metencephalon |
|
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spinal tap >
|
subarachnoid space
|
|
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median aperture
|
foramen magendie
|
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lateral aperture of 4th =
|
foramina of luschka
|
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dura
arachnoid continue down to |
S2
|
|
|
S2
|
arachnoid fuses with
filum terminale |
|
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needle btw
L2 L3 > |
subarachnoid space
|
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|
CSF formed by
|
choroid plexuses
|
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CSF formed in
|
lateral
3rd 4th ventricles |
|
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CSF enters subarachnoid space via
|
3 foramina of the 4th ventricle
|
|
|
-line ventricles
-line central canal of spinal cord -line choroid plexus |
ependymal cells > CSF
|
|
|
"h" shaped
|
gray matter
|
|
|
microglia
|
mesoderm
|
|
|
cns that support neurons
|
1-astrocytes
2-oligodend 3-microglia 4-ependymal |
|
|
form myelin within PNS
|
schwann cells
|
|
|
all parasympath
pre post release |
Ach
|
|
|
sympath
pregang |
ach
|
|
|
sympath
postgang |
NE
|
|
|
sympath
pregang originate |
T1-L3
thoracolumbar region |
|
|
parasympath
pregang originate |
cranial
craniosacral S2-S4 |
|
|
sympath/parasympath
postgang synapse |
effector organs
|
|
|
CSF
|
ventricles
|
|
|
neural tube >
|
brain
|
|
|
4 ventricles
|
2 lateral
3rd ventricle 4th ventricle |
|
|
obstruction of
cerebral aqueduct enlarges |
2 lateral
3rd ventricle NOT 4TH |
|
|
"c" shape
within R/L cerebral hemispheres |
2 lateral ventricle
|
|
|
ventricle within forebrain=
diencephalon |
3rd
|
|
|
temporal lobe
|
memory
|
|
|
parietal
|
speech patterns
somatoesthetic interpretation |
|
|
frontal lobe
|
precentral gyrus
|
|
|
precentral gyrus >
|
primary motor area
|
|
|
parietal
|
postcentral gyrus
|
|
|
postcentral gyrus
|
primary sensory areA
|
|
|
temporal
|
smell
|
|
|
parietal
|
taste
|
|
|
parietal
|
integration
interpretation |
|
|
impulses from
cutaneious R proprioceptive R |
somatic sensory fiber
|
|
|
impulses to skeletal muscle
|
somatic motor
|
|
|
impulses from viscera
|
visceral sensory
|
|
|
impulses to
smooth mm cardiac mm glands |
visceral motor
|
|
|
lines
ventricles central canal of spinal cord choroid plexuses |
ependymal cells > CSF
|
|
|
choroid plexuses >
|
CSF
|
|
|
CSF enters subarachnoid space via
|
3 foramina of
4th ventricle |
|
|
glossopharyngeal
pregang parasymp |
otic ganglion
|
|
|
glossopharyngeal (9)
from |
medulla oblongata
|
|
|
jugalar foramen
|
glossopharyngeal (9)
|
|
|
sensation of
|
pharynx
post 1/3 tongue |
|
|
glossopharyngeal descends in neck with
|
1-internal jugular vein
2-internal carotid artery |
|
|
ciliary ganglion >
|
oculomotor
pregang parasym |
|
|
TMJ sensory
|
auriculotemporal nerve
|
|
|
V-3 >
|
auriculotemporal nerve
|
|
|
joints only receive >
|
sensory innervation
|
|
|
motor innervation to joint >
|
muscle that moves joint
|
|
|
middle cervical ganglia
location |
cricoid cartilage
|
|
|
gray rami connect
|
sympathetic trunk to
(every) spinal nerve |
|
|
white rami limited to
|
T1-L2
|
|
|
dorsal root ganglia contain
|
cell bodies of
visceral afferent fibers |
|
|
T1-L2
|
white rami in spinal cord
|
|
|
stellate ganglion
|
inferior cervical ganglion
|
|
|
level of cricoid cartilage
|
middle cervical ganglion
|
|
|
btw
internal carotid artery internal jugular vein |
superior cervical ganglion
|
|
|
mainly head region
|
superior cervical ganglion
|
|
|
parasympathetic ganglion in
infratemporal fossa > |
otic ganglion
|
|
|
below foramen ovale
|
otic ganglion
|
|
|
glossopharyngeal nerve
|
otic ganglion
|
|
|
lesser petrosal nerve
|
otic ganglion
|
|
|
parotid gland >
|
otic ganglion
|
|
|
on hyoglossus muscle
|
submandibular ganglion
|
|
|
parasympathetic fibers :
facial nerve chorda tympani lingual nerve |
submandibular ganglion
|
|
|
parasympathetic fiber :
facial nerve nerve of pterygoid canal |
pterygopalatine gangion
|
|
|
lacrimal gland
palate nose |
pterygopalatine ganglion
|
|
|
lateral to optic nerve
|
ciliary gangion
|
|
|
ciliary muscle
sphincter pupillae |
ciilary ganglion
|
|
|
lateral rectus of eye
|
abducen (6)
|
|
|
smallest cranial nerve
|
trochlear nerve
|
|
|
only nerve emerges from
dorsal of brainstem |
trochlear nerve
|
|
|
thoracic region >
|
splanchnic nerves
|
|
|
superior oblique muscle
|
trochlear nerve (4)
|
|
|
unilateral lesion of hypoglossal nerve>
|
deviate towards affected side
due to no fxn of GENIOGLOSSUS MUSCLE on dx side |
|
|
sensation of anterior 2/3
|
lingual nerve
bc branch of MANDIBULAR V3 |
|
|
what joins lingual nerve in
infratemporal fossa |
chorda tympani
|
|
|
branch of facial nerve >
|
chorda tympani
|
|
|
V3>
|
lingual nerve
|
