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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?
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- transport of nutrients, O2, wastes, and hormones
- distribute heat throughout body |
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What is Reynaud's Disease?
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vasospasms decrease blood supply to fingers or toes and result in a bluish discoloration of the skin
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What veins empty blood into the right atrium and what kind of blood is it?
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Inferior and superior vena cava.
Deoxygenated blood. |
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What is another name for the right AV valve?
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tricuspid valve
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What is another name for the left AV valve?
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mitral valve
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What valve does the right ventricle eject blood through and into what arteries? What circuit is this called?
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Pulmonary valve.
Pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary circuit. |
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The pulmonary veins empty into which atria? What kind of blood is it?
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Left atrium.
Oxygenated blood. |
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What is the pulmonic mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
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15 mmHg
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What is the aortic mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
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100 mmHg
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Define systole.
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contraction phase when the ventricles eject around 70 mL of blood
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Define diastole.
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relaxation phase when the ventricles fill with around 70 mL of blood
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When exercising, which phase of the cardiac cycle (diastole or systole) will shorten significantly?
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Diastole.
The factor that usually limits the pumping of the heart is FILLING, not ejection. |
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What does the "lup", first heart sound (S1), signify?
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The beginning of systole.
The sound is caused by the closing of the tricuspid and mitral valves. Pressure in the ventricles are increasing. |
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What is going on after the "dup", the second heart sound (S2)?
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End of systole.
Sounds caused by closing of pulmonic and aortic valves. Ventricles ejected blood, and pressure decrease. Isovolumic relaxation phase begins. |
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Where is roughly 2/3 of the blood held in the circulatory system?
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The veins. They have a high capacitance (they are distensible and can hold a lot of volume).
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What does CVP stand for?
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central venous pressure
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What are the 3 main forces that propel blood back into the heart?
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1) inertia (limited by friction, viscosity, and gravity)
2) muscles of limbs and abdomen that squeeze and "milk" the veins 3) negative intrathoracic pressure. When you inhale, blood is drawn up into the thorax and to the right atrium. |
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How do you know if the SA node is working correctly?
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Every QRS complex is preceded by a P wave
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What is the normal range of a PR interval (sec)?
What does the PR interval correspond to? |
0.12-0.2 seconds
AV conduction |
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What is involved in a first degree heart block?
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Fixed but prolonged PR interval that lasts longer than 0.2 seconds.
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What is involved in a second degree heart block?
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Sudden dropped QRS without PR interval. AV node fail.
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Explain what is a third degree heart block.
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No relation between P and QRS waves. Block occurs at level of AV node.
P waves are controlled by SA node (fast), and QRS controlled by AV node (~40-55 beats/min). |
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What does the QRS correspond to?
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Ventricular depolarization
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What does a wide QRS complex signify?
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Ventricular conduction is impaired possible due to blockage of the His-Purkinje system.
The QRS is wider because the signal must travel around the blockage, and thus takes a longer time. |
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What is the normal mean electrical axis range?
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-30 to +105 degrees
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If the mean electrical axis is above +105 degrees, what does this suggest?
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Right axis deviation:
- Pulmonary hypertension, which causes right ventricle hypertrophy. - loss of left lateral forces due to lateral wall infarction |
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If the mean electrical axis is below -30 degree, what does this suggest?
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Left axis deviation:
- left ventricle hypertrophy due to hypertension or aortic stenosis (aortic valve resistant to outflow) |
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What is the respiratory sinus arrhythmia?
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Natural variation of heart rate with breathing.
Exhale--> slow down heart rate Inhale--> increase heart rate - pronounced in children |
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What does a premature ventricular contraction look like on an EKG?
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- extra larger and crazy-looking QRS not preceded by a P-wave
- Large T-wave - compensatory pause (feels like skipped a heartbeat) - next stroke volume abnormally large |
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What are the ventricles doing while the atria are filling?
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Ejecting blood into either the pulmonary or systemic circuit.
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Define "auscultation."
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Listening to the internal sounds of the body usually via a stethoscope.
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What is another name for the right and left semilunar valves respectively?
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Pulmonic and aortic valves
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The vessels of the body bifurcate (split into two vessels) into smaller vessels as they extend further into the tissues. Why is this important?
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Increase surface area especially at capillary level where nutrient and oxygen exchange occurs.
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Velocity of blood flow decreases as the vessels become smaller. Why is this a good idea?
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Gives enough time for diffusion of substance to occur.
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What is the equation for blood flow (Q)?
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Flow (Q) = P/R
Note: P is be the change of pressure from one of the vessel to the other end. |
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What is the purpose of the papillary muscles attached the the AV valves?
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Maintains tension on the valves to prevent them from everting into the atria and the backflow of blood when the ventricle contracts (systole).
Think of it as an umbrella. An umbrella will not be effective if it is flipped inside out. Likewise, eversion of the AV valves into the atria will not allow effective pumping of blood. |
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All valves of the heart are composed of 3 cusps except for which valve?
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Mitral valve. It has 2 cusps.
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What are the functions of the "fibrous skeleton" of the heart?
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1.) The tough fibers act as a site of attachment for the heart muscles.
2.) Frame for the valves. 3.) Separates and insulates the atria and the ventricles so wave of electricity passes ONLY through the AV node. |
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Describe cardiac cells.
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- striated
- have sarcomeres - involuntary - intercalated discs (gap junctions, desmosomes, fascia adherens) |
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Describe skeletal cells.
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- striated
- sarcomeres - voluntary - multinucleated - attached to bone |
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Describe smooth muscle.
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- non-striated
- involuntary - in most hollow visceral organs, bladder, and blood vessels |
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Describe myoepithelial cells.
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- lie in epithelia and derived of ectoderm
- no striations - useful for milk and salivary secretions |
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What is a muscle fiber?
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A muscle cell which is made of fused myoblasts.
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What is a sarcolemma?
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plasma membrane + basal lamina +reticular fibers
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What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
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A really fancy name for the smooth ER in muscles.
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What is a sarcosome?
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A fancy name for the mitochondria in muscles. It would just be too easy to call them mitochondria.
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Define sarcomere.
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A basic contractile unit of a myofibril.
Recall muscle organization (smallest to biggest): sarcomere--> myofibril--> muscle fiber-->fascicle--> muscle |
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What are z-lines?
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Dark, thin transverse lines on either side of each sarcomere. This is where myosin and actin filaments anchor.
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What is the epimyseum of a muscle?
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The connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle
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What is the perimyseum of a muscle?
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Extensions of the epimyseum that divide the muscle into fascicles.
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What is the endomyseum of the muscle?
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Part of the perimyseum that intersperse within each fascicle.
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Let's say Billy has one mutant copy of the myostatin gene. What will he look like?
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He will have a smoking hot body...aka increased strength and muscle mass.
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Let's say Billy has 2 mutant copies of the myosatin gene. What will he look like?
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Paint him green and call him the Incredible Hulk. :)
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What is the normal function of myostatin?
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It suppresses skeletal muscle development.
Myostatin is a cytokine synthesized in the muscle cells. |
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Increased muscle mass and strength (hypertrophy) is achieved in 3 ways:
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1) An increase in the thickness of the individual fibers and amount of connective tissue
2) An increase in length of fibers from recruitment of myoblasts 3) Increase in Protein content |
