Bmsc 210 Chapter Four

Front 1

Gram Stain

Back 1

a differential staining technique that dvides bacteria into two groups

Gram (+) stain purple
Gram (-) stain red

Front 2

Phase Contrast Microscope

Back 2

made it possible to see cells without staining them

Front 3

Dark Field Microscope

Back 3

Excellent for observing motility and motility structures of microbes

Front 4

Flourescence Microscope

Back 4

used to visualize specimens that emit light of a given wavelength

Front 5

Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy (DIC)

Back 5

Creates an interference effect that intensifies subtle differences in cell structure

Front 6

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

Back 6

Contains a probe that establishes weak atomic forces between probe and the specimen generating digital information that produces an image

Front 7

Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM)

Back 7

Allows for 3-D images of microbes and other biological specimens

Front 8

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

Back 8

Resovling power is much greater than a light microscope (1000x)

Front 9

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Back 9

Image produced when electron beam is directed onto the specimen

Front 10

Four advantages that small microbes have

Back 10

1) higher surface to volume ratio compared to large cells

2) Nutrients and waste products pass in and out of the cell more easily

3) Capable of more rapid growth

4) Faster evolutionary change due to faster rate of mutation

Front 11

How is the cytoplasmic membrane stabalized?

Back 11

Stabilized by H-bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and some ionic bonds using Mg and Ca ions

Front 12

Integral Proteins

Back 12

Proteins firmly embedded in the membrane

Front 13

Peripheral membrane proteines

Back 13

proteins that are not embedded in the membrane

Front 14

Archae side chains are called these.

Back 14

Isoprene Hydrocarbons

Front 15

Ether Linkages

Back 15

In archae, link the glycerol component and the isoprene component

In Bacteria and Eukarya, link between glycerol and fatty acid

Front 16

Permeability Barrier

Back 16

Conrols what moves in and out of the cell

Front 17

Transport Proteins

Back 17

Responsible for carrying molecules across cytoplasmic membranes

they also accumulate solids against the concentration gradient

Front 18

Simple Transport

Back 18

Requires only a membrane spanning protein

ex. transport of lactose using the Lac permease symporter

Front 19

Group Translocation

Back 19

involves series of proteins in the transport event where transported substance is chemically altered

ex. phosphorylation of sugars (glucose, fructose) by the phosphotransferase system

Front 20

ABC System (ATP-Binding-Cassette )

Back 20

Involves a substrate binding protein, a membrane transporter and an ATP hydrolyzing protein

Front 21

Uniporter

Back 21

transport a molcule in a unidirectional fashion

Front 22

Symporter

Back 22

transports a substance along with another substance

Front 23

Antiporters

Back 23

transport one substance across the membrane in one direction while simultaneously tranpsporting another substance in the opposite direction

Front 24

Translocases

Back 24

Proteins that help export in prokaryotic cells

Front 25

Three characteristics of the cell wall of prokaryotes

Back 25

1) cell walls allow the cell to withstand pressure gradients

2) give shape and supply rigidity to the cell

3) Differences in cell wall structure are at the heart of gram staining

Front 26

Peptidoglycan

Back 26

A rigid polysaccharide layer composed of sugar derivatives and a small number of amino acids

Front 27

Peptides + Glycan Backbone

Back 27

Peptidoglycan is comprised of individual adjacent strands that are cross-linked by amnio acids

Front 28

How does cross linkage occur in Gram (-) Bacteria?

Back 28

It occurs by peptide linkage of the amino group of DAP to the carboxyl group of the terminal D-alanine

Front 29

DAP

Back 29

Diaminopimelic Acid

Found in all Gram (-) bacteria

Front 30

What does the glycan backbone consist of?

Back 30

Consists of glucosamine and muramic acid

Front 31

How does cross linkage occur in Gram (+) bacteria?

Back 31

It occurs by way of a peptide interbridge

Front 32

Teichoic Acids

Back 32

Found in cell walls of Gram (+) bacteria that help bind postively charged ions like Ca and Mg

Front 33

LPS (Lipopolysaccharide Layer)

Back 33

Outer wall found in Gram (-) bacteria

A second lipid bilayer composes of a phospholipid, protein, and polysaccharide

Front 34

Functions of Outer Membrane

Back 34

1) Major function is structural

2) Secretes toxic substances called "endotoxins"

3) Provides channels for passage of hydrophillic substances out of the cell using "porin structures"

Front 35

Lysozyme

Back 35

breaks bonds between glucosamine and muramic acid in the glycan backbone of peptidoglycan

found in body fluids like saliva and tears

Front 36

Lysis

Back 36

When cell wall is damaged and water enters the cell causing the cell to burst

Front 37

Protoplast

Back 37

when a bacterium loses their cell wall but still survive

rarely seen in nature

Front 38

What bacteria and archae groups both naturally lack cell walls?

Back 38

Mycoplasms and Thermoplasma respectively

Front 39

pseudo-peptidoglycan

Back 39

very similar to peptidoglycan

some cell walls of archae consist of this

Front 40

What is pseudo-peptidoglycan made of?

Back 40

Minuronic acid and glucosamine

Front 41

What do some archae have instead of pseduo-peptidoglycan in their cell walls, and what is the most common cell wall type among archae?

Back 41

They may have polysaccharide, glycoprotein or protein

most common is paracrystalline surface layer (S-Layer)

Front 42

Fimbrae

Back 42

Short, filamentous structures that enable the organism to stick to surfaces

found in many pathogens like salmonella and bordetella

Front 43

Pilli

Back 43

long filamentous structures taht are involved in conjugation which is a form of genetic exchange

Front 44

Capsule and Slime Layers

Back 44

used to adhere to surfaces or encapsulate itself for protection

Front 45

What is the purpose of cell inclusions?

Back 45

function as energy reserves or reservoir of structural building blocks

Front 46

PHB

Back 46

carbon/energy storage polymer

Front 47

Glycogen

Back 47

storage depot for carbon and energy

Front 48

Polyphosphate

Back 48

inorganic phosphate granules used for making nucleic acids and phospholipids

Front 49

Sulfur

Back 49

accumulates as a result of sulfur metabolism from compounds like H2S

Front 50

Magnetosomes

Back 50

particles of the iron mineral magnetite

imparts a magnetic dipole to the cell allowing it to respond to a magnetic field

Front 51

Flagellum

Back 51

long thin whip like appendage that is attached at one end and free at the other

Front 52

Polar flagellum

Back 52

attached at one end of the organism

Front 53

Lophotrichous flagella

Back 53

multiple.. in group arrangement on cell

Front 54

Peritrichous flagella

Back 54

appearing at many locations around the cell surface

Front 55

Shape and composition of flagella

Back 55

helically shaped

composed of protein "flagellin"

Front 56

Mot Complex

Back 56

proton movement across cytoplasmic membrane through this drives the rotation of the flagellum

Front 57

Taxes

Back 57

evolved means of responding to a physical or chemical gradient

Front 58

Chemotaxis

Back 58

a response to a chemical substance

Front 59

Phototaxis

Back 59

a response to light

Front 60

Aerotaces

Back 60

movement towards or away from oxygen

Front 61

Osmotaxis

Back 61

movement toward or away from conditions of ionic strength

Front 62

Che Proteins

Back 62

photoreceptor reacts with these in the cytoplasm to influence flagellar rotation