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104 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Covalent Bond
A bond in which electrons are shared between atoms
Diffusion

Random movement of molecules in solution from areas of high concentration to those of


lower concentrations

Phospholipids are

hydrophobic and hydrophilic, made up of


triglycerides, main component of biological


membrane

Osmosis

is the diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of


higher water concentration to a place of lower water concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal.

R- Group
The portion of an amino acid that differentiates one amino acid from another is the _____.
What is the monomer that comprises protein?
Amino Acids
Peptide bond

A covalent bond that links amino acids


together

In an alpha helix, every _______ amino acid


interacts

4th
Amphipathic
Has both hydrophobic parts and hydrophilic parts
Ribosome

A structure within the cytoplasm of a cell that


is composed of RNA and protein and is the


site of protein synthesis

Liposome

a spherical shape that is composed of bilayer


of phospholipids where the head groups are


outward towards the water and the fatty side chains point inwards

In terms of charge, what makes a molecule


hydrophobic

It has no charge
What bond type is responsible for forming the primary protein structure?
Peptide bond
What bond type is responsible for forming the secondary protein structure?
Hydrogen bonding
Which part of the amino acid is responsible for tertiary structure?
R-group
Micelle
A spherical shape composing of single layer of phospholipids, very unstable
What do transmembrane proteins do?

creates a hydrophilic pathway between the


inside and outside of the cell

Histone

A protein found in the eukaryotic cell


nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes

Proteins synthesized in the ER end up where?
1. In a Lysosome. 2. As a transmembrane protein. 3. Secreted into extracellular space
Where does transcription take place?
in the nucleus
Where does translation take place?
in the cytoplasm
The Golgi apparatus is the site of:
Final protein modification
How does DNA and RNA differ?

RNA contains uracil, ribose, and is single


stranded. DNA contains thymine, deoxyribose, and is double stranded

Endocytosis

the process by which cells (Especially


macrophages) envelop a pathogen, and


internalize it within a vesicle

Dynein

the (-) end directed motor protein that


transports cargo along the microtublins; takes growth factors back to the nucleus which will turn off certain genes

Central Dogma
DNA - transcription - RNA - Translation

molecules of deoxyribose are linked together


by ____ bonds

Phosphodiester

The nitrogenous bases which are attached to


the deoxyribose is attached to what number carbon?

1
The interaction between base pairs and that holds two strands of DNA together is called a _______ bond
hydrogen bond

The enzyme responsible for unwinding DNA


and separating two strands of DNA

Helicase

In DNA replication, the enzyme responsible for selecting the appropriate base, and forming


the phosphodiester bond is

DNA polymerase
What direction does DNA polymerase work in?
3' to 5'
okuzaki fragments are part of one strand?
lagging
mRNA

The molecule synthesized by RNA polymerase and carries from the nucleus to the cytoplasm


information to be translated by ribosomes

tRNA

the molecule that binds an amino acid carries


it to the ribosome, and helps attach the amino acid to the growing protein chain

rRNA
that molecule that forms ribosomes
TATA box
the sequence of DNA that provides a site for transcription factors to bind to
Codon
a three amino acid sequence on the mRNA

all epithelial cells are attached and oriented to


a:

Basal Laminia
molecules responsible for forming anchoring junctions
cadherin and integrin
What are the 4 connective tissues

1. Connective tissue proper, 2. blood, 3. Bone.


4. cartilage

What is cartilage's originating cell type
chondrocytes

What is connective tissue proper's originating


cell type?

fibrocytes
What is the bone's originating cell type?
osteocytes
What is the blood's originating cell type?
hematopoetic stem cells
Osteocytes produce and lay _____ and ______ to form the structure of bone
hydroxyapatite and collagen
osteoblasts
lay down new bone
osteoclasts
break bone down
Serotonin
Tryptophan derive peptide hormone
Transcription
a segment of DNA is copied into RNA
Translation

the process of ribosomes making proteins in


the cytoplasm

Chromosomes
a structures and organized structure of DNA
Glycosylation

covalently linking sugars to amino acids of a


protein

exocytosis

Vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane so


that the vesicle membrane becomes one with


the membrane

Microtubules
a polymer of tublin
Actin filaments
polymer of actin
Kinesin
(+) end directed motor protein on microtubules
Myosin

a motor protein that can move both ways on


actin filaments

Endosymbosis

a symbiotic organism lives inside another one


in this class it was with the mitochondria

What are the protein polymers of the


cytoskeleton?

1. Microtubule, 2. Filamentous Actin,


3. Intermediate filament

What are purines?
Adenine and Guanine
What are Primidines?
Cytosine and Thyamine (uracil in ribose)

What are the complementary nitrogenous


bases for RNA and DNA?

Adenine bonds to thymine (DNA)


Guanine bonds to Cytosine (DNA)


Adenine bonds to Uracil (RNA)



Atopic genes
suicide genes
Myosin
Combines with actin filaments and a vesicle to transport it to the right plasma membrane

When they say DNA is semi-conservative what does this mean?



In a new molecule of DNA, one strand is newly synthesized and the other strand is the original strand



The backbone of DNA is bonded by what type


of bond/ what links deoxyriboses together

phosphodiester bonds

The site where the two strands are being


separated?

Replication fork
Promoter
A base sequence in DNA to which transcription factors bind
RNA Polymerase

generates RNA from DNA template, reads


3' - 5', bases in RNA are complimentary to the DNA, A-U, C-G

Transcription factors

binding proteins that bind to promoter which


recruit RNA polymerase

AUG
start codon of RNA
Anticodons
set of three bases with hydrogen bonding by complementary bases, it is on the tRNA
What are the stop codons?
UAG, UAA, UGA (starts with U and two purines)
If the first 20 amino acids are hydrophobic, then...

A signal peptide joins and takes it to the rough


ER

if the first 20 amino acids are hydrophilic,


then...

the protein fate is to become a cytoplasmic


protein

Tissue
a group of similar cells performing a similar function
What are the four types of tissues?
1. epithelium, 2. connective. 3. muscle. 4. nerve
What is epithelium?

Contains cells composed in a continuous sheet, cells are attached to the basal lamina, cells


replicate to replace themselves, form surface


and boundaries

What is connective tissue?

Widely scattered cells connected to one


another by extracellular proteins that they


secrete

Anchoring junctions contain what two cell


structures?

Hemi-desmosomes and desmosomes



What are hemi-desmosomes?

They hold the epithelial cells to the basal


lamina, has integrins; are tied to the cytoplasm by keratin filaments

What are desmosomes?
They anchor epiethlieum cells that are side by side together and provide strength to resist shearing forces, they have cadherin
Integrins

transmembrane proteins that has the capacity


to connect on proteins outside and inside of


the cell; used with hemi-desosomes

cadherin

transmembrane proteins that link proteins


from outside of the cells to the proteins inside


of cell; used with desosomes

Occluding junctions are

contains tight junctions which are transmembrane proteins that link the cells together on


the ouside. It is not very mechanically strong, prevents molecules from the lumen of the


tube from getting between the cells to the


underlying tissue

Occluding junctions include what two


transmembrane proteins?

Claudins and occludins
Communicating junctions

contains GAP junction; allows for molecules


(ATP, ions, and small molecules) to readily


move from one cell to the next

Simple epithelium
Single Layer of epithelial cells
Stratified epithelium
layers of epithelial cells
Basal Lamina
extraceullar proteins upon which the epithelial cells sit or are attached to

What is meant when they say epithelial cells


are polarized?

They have a top called apical, and a bottom called basilar
Anchoring junctions

anchor the epithelial cells to the basal lamina


and anchor adjacent epithelial cells to each


other

What are the three types of cartilage and what protein do they secrete?

1. Elastic - elastin. 2. Fibro Cartilage - collagen.


3. Hyaline - collagen and Glycosaminoglycan

What is an organ?
Two or more issues working together in concert
Connexon

a protein that punctures the gap between


epithelial cells, that provides a hydrophilic


pathway for molecules

Secretory epithelium
generates lipids and proteins and pushes them to the outside world
adenocarcinoma

a glandular tumor cell that originated from


epithelial cells

Stratum Basale

the bottom layer of the stratified squamous


epithelium; contain living cells

Stratum Spinosum
Spiny layer of the epithelium (2nd layer from the basal lamina); contain living cells
Stratum Granlosuma

Layer of the epithelium that has vesicles


containing glycolipids which water proof your skin

Stratum Corneum
Top layer of the epithelium that contains dead skin cells that have Keratin
Dermis

Is connective tissue proper that has widely


scattered cells called fibrocytes; contains blood vessels

Melanocytes
secrete melatonin