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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Covalent Bond
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A bond in which electrons are shared between atoms
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Diffusion
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Random movement of molecules in solution from areas of high concentration to those of lower concentrations |
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Phospholipids are
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hydrophobic and hydrophilic, made up of triglycerides, main component of biological membrane |
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Osmosis
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is the diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher water concentration to a place of lower water concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal. |
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R- Group
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The portion of an amino acid that differentiates one amino acid from another is the _____.
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What is the monomer that comprises protein?
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Amino Acids
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Peptide bond
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A covalent bond that links amino acids together |
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In an alpha helix, every _______ amino acid interacts |
4th
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Amphipathic
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Has both hydrophobic parts and hydrophilic parts
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Ribosome
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A structure within the cytoplasm of a cell that is composed of RNA and protein and is the site of protein synthesis |
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Liposome
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a spherical shape that is composed of bilayer of phospholipids where the head groups are outward towards the water and the fatty side chains point inwards |
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In terms of charge, what makes a molecule hydrophobic |
It has no charge
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What bond type is responsible for forming the primary protein structure?
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Peptide bond
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What bond type is responsible for forming the secondary protein structure?
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Hydrogen bonding
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Which part of the amino acid is responsible for tertiary structure?
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R-group
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Micelle
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A spherical shape composing of single layer of phospholipids, very unstable
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What do transmembrane proteins do?
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creates a hydrophilic pathway between the inside and outside of the cell |
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Histone
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A protein found in the eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes |
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Proteins synthesized in the ER end up where?
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1. In a Lysosome. 2. As a transmembrane protein. 3. Secreted into extracellular space
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Where does transcription take place?
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in the nucleus
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Where does translation take place?
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in the cytoplasm
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The Golgi apparatus is the site of:
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Final protein modification
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How does DNA and RNA differ?
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RNA contains uracil, ribose, and is single stranded. DNA contains thymine, deoxyribose, and is double stranded |
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Endocytosis
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the process by which cells (Especially macrophages) envelop a pathogen, and internalize it within a vesicle |
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Dynein
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the (-) end directed motor protein that transports cargo along the microtublins; takes growth factors back to the nucleus which will turn off certain genes |
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Central Dogma
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DNA - transcription - RNA - Translation
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molecules of deoxyribose are linked together by ____ bonds |
Phosphodiester
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The nitrogenous bases which are attached to the deoxyribose is attached to what number carbon? |
1
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The interaction between base pairs and that holds two strands of DNA together is called a _______ bond
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hydrogen bond
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The enzyme responsible for unwinding DNA and separating two strands of DNA |
Helicase
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In DNA replication, the enzyme responsible for selecting the appropriate base, and forming the phosphodiester bond is |
DNA polymerase
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What direction does DNA polymerase work in?
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3' to 5'
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okuzaki fragments are part of one strand?
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lagging
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mRNA
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The molecule synthesized by RNA polymerase and carries from the nucleus to the cytoplasm information to be translated by ribosomes |
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tRNA
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the molecule that binds an amino acid carries it to the ribosome, and helps attach the amino acid to the growing protein chain |
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rRNA
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that molecule that forms ribosomes
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TATA box
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the sequence of DNA that provides a site for transcription factors to bind to
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Codon
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a three amino acid sequence on the mRNA
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all epithelial cells are attached and oriented to a: |
Basal Laminia
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molecules responsible for forming anchoring junctions
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cadherin and integrin
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What are the 4 connective tissues
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1. Connective tissue proper, 2. blood, 3. Bone. 4. cartilage |
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What is cartilage's originating cell type
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chondrocytes
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What is connective tissue proper's originating cell type? |
fibrocytes
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What is the bone's originating cell type?
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osteocytes
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What is the blood's originating cell type?
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hematopoetic stem cells
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Osteocytes produce and lay _____ and ______ to form the structure of bone
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hydroxyapatite and collagen
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osteoblasts
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lay down new bone
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osteoclasts
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break bone down
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Serotonin
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Tryptophan derive peptide hormone
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Transcription
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a segment of DNA is copied into RNA
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Translation
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the process of ribosomes making proteins in the cytoplasm |
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Chromosomes
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a structures and organized structure of DNA
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Glycosylation
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covalently linking sugars to amino acids of a protein |
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exocytosis
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Vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane so that the vesicle membrane becomes one with the membrane |
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Microtubules
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a polymer of tublin
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Actin filaments
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polymer of actin
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Kinesin
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(+) end directed motor protein on microtubules
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Myosin
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a motor protein that can move both ways on actin filaments |
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Endosymbosis
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a symbiotic organism lives inside another one in this class it was with the mitochondria |
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What are the protein polymers of the cytoskeleton? |
1. Microtubule, 2. Filamentous Actin, 3. Intermediate filament |
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What are purines?
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Adenine and Guanine
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What are Primidines?
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Cytosine and Thyamine (uracil in ribose)
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What are the complementary nitrogenous bases for RNA and DNA? |
Adenine bonds to thymine (DNA) Guanine bonds to Cytosine (DNA) Adenine bonds to Uracil (RNA) |
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Atopic genes
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suicide genes
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Myosin
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Combines with actin filaments and a vesicle to transport it to the right plasma membrane
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When they say DNA is semi-conservative what does this mean? |
In a new molecule of DNA, one strand is newly synthesized and the other strand is the original strand |
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The backbone of DNA is bonded by what type of bond/ what links deoxyriboses together |
phosphodiester bonds
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The site where the two strands are being separated? |
Replication fork
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Promoter
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A base sequence in DNA to which transcription factors bind
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RNA Polymerase
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generates RNA from DNA template, reads 3' - 5', bases in RNA are complimentary to the DNA, A-U, C-G |
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Transcription factors
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binding proteins that bind to promoter which recruit RNA polymerase |
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AUG
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start codon of RNA
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Anticodons
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set of three bases with hydrogen bonding by complementary bases, it is on the tRNA
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What are the stop codons?
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UAG, UAA, UGA (starts with U and two purines)
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If the first 20 amino acids are hydrophobic, then...
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A signal peptide joins and takes it to the rough ER |
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if the first 20 amino acids are hydrophilic, then... |
the protein fate is to become a cytoplasmic protein |
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Tissue
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a group of similar cells performing a similar function
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What are the four types of tissues?
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1. epithelium, 2. connective. 3. muscle. 4. nerve
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What is epithelium?
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Contains cells composed in a continuous sheet, cells are attached to the basal lamina, cells replicate to replace themselves, form surface and boundaries |
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What is connective tissue?
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Widely scattered cells connected to one another by extracellular proteins that they secrete |
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Anchoring junctions contain what two cell structures? |
Hemi-desmosomes and desmosomes |
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What are hemi-desmosomes?
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They hold the epithelial cells to the basal lamina, has integrins; are tied to the cytoplasm by keratin filaments |
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What are desmosomes?
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They anchor epiethlieum cells that are side by side together and provide strength to resist shearing forces, they have cadherin
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Integrins
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transmembrane proteins that has the capacity to connect on proteins outside and inside of the cell; used with hemi-desosomes |
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cadherin
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transmembrane proteins that link proteins from outside of the cells to the proteins inside of cell; used with desosomes |
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Occluding junctions are
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contains tight junctions which are transmembrane proteins that link the cells together on the ouside. It is not very mechanically strong, prevents molecules from the lumen of the tube from getting between the cells to the underlying tissue |
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Occluding junctions include what two transmembrane proteins? |
Claudins and occludins
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Communicating junctions
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contains GAP junction; allows for molecules (ATP, ions, and small molecules) to readily move from one cell to the next |
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Simple epithelium
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Single Layer of epithelial cells
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Stratified epithelium
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layers of epithelial cells
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Basal Lamina
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extraceullar proteins upon which the epithelial cells sit or are attached to
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What is meant when they say epithelial cells are polarized? |
They have a top called apical, and a bottom called basilar
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Anchoring junctions
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anchor the epithelial cells to the basal lamina and anchor adjacent epithelial cells to each other |
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What are the three types of cartilage and what protein do they secrete?
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1. Elastic - elastin. 2. Fibro Cartilage - collagen. 3. Hyaline - collagen and Glycosaminoglycan |
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What is an organ?
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Two or more issues working together in concert
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Connexon
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a protein that punctures the gap between epithelial cells, that provides a hydrophilic pathway for molecules |
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Secretory epithelium
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generates lipids and proteins and pushes them to the outside world
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adenocarcinoma
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a glandular tumor cell that originated from epithelial cells |
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Stratum Basale
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the bottom layer of the stratified squamous epithelium; contain living cells |
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Stratum Spinosum
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Spiny layer of the epithelium (2nd layer from the basal lamina); contain living cells
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Stratum Granlosuma
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Layer of the epithelium that has vesicles containing glycolipids which water proof your skin |
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Stratum Corneum
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Top layer of the epithelium that contains dead skin cells that have Keratin
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Dermis
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Is connective tissue proper that has widely scattered cells called fibrocytes; contains blood vessels |
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Melanocytes
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secrete melatonin
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