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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the primary function of nucleic acids?
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Store and transfer information, it contains all instructions for cellular functions and interactions
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What is the structure of nucleic acids?
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Linear molecule with 4 nucleotides
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What is the structure of a nucleotide?
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5-C sugar, either deoxyribose or ribose, attached to a heterocyclic ring (base) and 1 phosphoryl group.
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What is DNA?
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DNA stores genetic information. It consists of 4 nucleotides: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine that are linked by phodeister linkages
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What is RNA?
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RNA is what transcribes and translates DNA. It reads the DNA code and translates it into its function protein. It uses adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
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What is mRNA?
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mRNA makes copies of DNA for a template of synthesis proteins. It is broken down after use.
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What are the main structural differences between DNA and RNA?
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RNA uses uracil while DNA uses thymine and RNA's sugar component contains an addition -OH group.
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How are lipids different from proteins and nucleic acids?
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Lipids are not polymers of repeating units. They are much smaller, with a molecular weight of 1300. They are of dual chemical nature, meaning they are hydrophobic and hydrophillic.
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What are the functions of proteins?
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They store energy and are crucial signal molecules.
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What are carbohydrates?
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They are the most important fuel source in the body. The most commonly found one is glucose (simple sugar) which is stored in the body glycogen.
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What is the function of carbs?
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The serve for cell recognition and cell to cell interaction.
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What is the central dogma?
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The central dogma says information flows from DNA to RNA through transcription and RNA to protein through translation, all the while DNA is continuously replicating.
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What is the genome and what is it made of?
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The genome is all heritable traits packaged into units called genes.
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What is replication?
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Replication is DNA being copied into a daughter cell and is catalyzed by DNA polymerase.
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What is transcription?
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Transcription is when DNA is converted into RNA through transcription and is catalyzed by RNA polymerase.
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Why is RNA transcribed into mRNA?
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mRNA is the chemical form of a protein, or the function form.
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Where does translation take place?
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Translation takes place on large macromolecule complexes called ribosomes.
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What is a membrane's structure?
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lipid bilayer: two layers of lipids organized with hydrophobic chains interacting with one another and hydrophillic chains interacting with the environment.
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What are the two types of cells?
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Eukaryotic: membrane enclosed compartments, contains nucleus
Prokaryotic: simple structure, does not contain nucleus, 2 membranes separated by periplasmic space. |
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What constitutes a cell?
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A barrier between cell and environment and an inside that is chemically different and accommodates the biochemistry of living.
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What is the difference between a plasma membrane and a cell wall?
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A plasma membrane is made up of lipids and proteins has selective permeability while a plant cell wall is constructed from cellulose interacting with one another and other components to be sturdy.
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What is cytoplasm?
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Cytoplasm is the background substance?
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What is the function of cytoplasm?
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Glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and protein synthesis
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What is a cytoskeleton?
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it is actin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules that support structure and localize biochemical activity.
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What is the structure of mitochondria?
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It has an inner membrane that defines the matrix and an outer membrane that is in contact with the cytoplasm.
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What is the function of mitochondria?
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90% of energy used in a cell comes from this.
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What is a chloroplast?
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It is a double membrane bounded cell found in plants. It helps power cells through photosynthesis.
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What is the difference between smooth ER and rough ER?
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Smooth ER is the center of processing of exogenous chemicals found in the liver from drugs and alcohols. Rough ER contains ribosomes that synthesize proteins that are then transported to the lumen of the rough ER where the protein folds into its 3D shape.
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What does the golgi complex do?
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It does the final processing of the proteins that are brought to it from the lumen of the rough ER by transport vesicles. Sorting and addition of carbohydrates are also done.
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How is a secretory granule formed?
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It is formed when a vesicle filled with proteins destined for secretion buds off of the golgi complex and is directed towards the cell membrane.
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What is exocytosis?
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It is when a secretory granule fuses with a plasma membrane to dump proteins into the extracellular environment.
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How is an endosome formed?
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The plasma membrane buds off to form this to allow material to be take into the cell.
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What is endocytosis?
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It is used to bring important biochemicals into the cell.
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What is phagocytosis and when is it commonly used?
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Phagocytosis is when large amounts of material are taken into a cell. It is commonly used when a phagocyte engulfs a bacteria to kill it.
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What is a lysosome and what is its function?
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Lysosomes are digestive enzymes that form like secretory granules but fuse with an endosome instead of with the plasma membrane. After fusion, digestions takes place and releases building blocks or fuel to help aid other cells. It also helps in the digestion of damaged organelles.
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