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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Digestive Tract Functions |
-Prehension -Mastication -Chemical digestion -Absorption of nutrients -Elimination of wastes |
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Epithelial Layers of GI |
-Stratified squamous: Lines the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and anus -Simple columnar: esophagus and stomach through the intestines to junction of rectum and anus (nutrient absorption) |
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Muscle Layers of GI |
-Skeletal: Mouth, pharynx, cranial part of esophagus, and external anal sphincter -Smooth: Wall of esophagus, stomach, SI, LI, and internal anal sphincter |
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Peristalsis |
-Circular muscle contrations -Wavelike movement along the tract -Propel digestive tract contents along the tube ahead of them |
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Oral Cavity |
Lips Tongue Teeth Salivary Glands Soft Palate Hard Palate Oropharynx |
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Salivary glands |
-Parotid: Ventral to the ear canals -Mandibular: ventral to the parotid glands at the caudal angle of the mandible -Sublingual: medial to the shafts of the mandible, just under the base of the tongue |
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Teeth Types |
-Premolars: Cutting teeth -Molars: Grinding teeth |
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Teeth Structure |
-Pulp: Center of tooth -Dentin: surrounds and protects the tooth pulp -Cementum: hard connective tissue -Enamel: covers the crown of the tooth -Gingiva: epithelial tissue that composes the gums around the teeth |
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Mechanical Digestion |
Mastication: breaks food into smaller particles that increase the surface area available for exposure to the enzymes involved in chemical digestion |
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Chemical Digestion |
Saliva: added to food as it is chewed; moistens, softens, and shapes food into a form that is more readily swallowed |
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Monogastric stomach |
-Cardiac: opening from esophagus -Fundus: distensible blind pouch -Body: distensible middle section -Pyloric antrum: grinds up swallowed food, regulates hydrochloric acid -Pyloris: muscle sphincter; regulates the movement of chyme from stomach into duodenum |
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Amylase |
Enzyme in saliva Breaks down amylose (sugar component of starch) |
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Lipase |
Enzyme that digests lipids May be found in the saliva of some young animals while they are nursing or on a high-milk diet |
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Gastrin |
Produced by the G cells in the antrum of the stomach Increases production of hydrochloric acid Inhibits muscle activity of the fundus |
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Pepsin |
Chief Cells Pepsin breaks down almost all types of proteins Enzyme is produced in an inactive form to prevent the stomach from digesting itself |
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Pepsinogen |
Secreted by chief cells; precursor for the enzyme pepsin Breaks proteins into chains of amino acids |
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Prostaglandins |
Inhibit gastrin release Stimulate the gastric glands to produce the bicarbonate ion Enhance blood flow to the stomach Stabilize lysosomes w/n gastric cells Regulate the activity of macrophages and mast cells |
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Mucin |
Produced by goblet cells in gastric glands; main constituent of the mucous coating |
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Bicarbonate |
alkalinizes the mucus |
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Secretin |
Released from duodenum in response to excess stomach acid in SI Can cause fundus to relax Can inhibit peristalsis of of the body and antrum of the stomach to slow gastric emptying |
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Cholecystokinin |
Released in response to large amounts of fats or proteins in duodenum; decreases contraction of the antrum, body, and fundus |
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Proteases |
Enzyme that breaks down proteins |
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Hydrogen and Chloride ions |
Converts pepsinogen into pepsin through an acidic environment |
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Rumen |
Series of muscular sacs partially separated from one another by long muscular folds of rumen wall called pillars |
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Reticulum |
-Smallest, most cranial compartment of the fore stomach compartments -Lining composed of honeycomb arrangement of folds |
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Omasum |
-Reticulorumen contractions move ingesta -Muscular organ -Breaks food particles down further -Absorbs VFAs -Removes bicarbonate ions, absorbs water |
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Abomasum |
True Stomach -Functions much the same as mono gastric stomach |
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Fermentative Digestion |
-Rumen bacteria -CHO and peptides absorbed by microbes -VFAs absorbed by ruminant into the bloodstream |
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Nonfermentative digestion |
-Preliminary of proteins by pepsin in stomach -Slight digestion of carbs -Slight digestion of fats -Not much absorption of nutrients in stomach |
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Small Intestinal Segments |
-Duodenum (receives chyme from stomach, receives secretions from liver and pancreas, produces mucus) -Jejunum (digestion and nutrient absorption) -Ileum (lymph nodes that protect SI from back flow of bacteria from the colon) |
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Large Intestinal Segments |
-Cecum (bind sac at ileocecal junction) -Colon (Some microbial digestion) -Rectum |
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Nutrients Categories |
Water Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Vitamins Minerals |
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Carbohydrate Categories |
-Sugars -Starches -Cellulose |
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Lipid Categories |
-Neutral Fats (fatty acids and glycerol) -Steroids -Phospholipids (modified triglycerides) -Other lipoid Substances |
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Other lipoid substances |
-Fat soluble vitamins -Eicosanoids -Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes -Lipoproteins |
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Protein Structure |
Composed of amino acids -Amine Group -Organic Acid -R group
Peptide bond
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Water Soluble Vitamins |
-Absorbed through the GI tract wall when water is absorbed -Excess excreted in urine, toxicities are rare |
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Fat-Soluble Vitamins |
-Bind to ingested lipids before they are absorbed with ingesta -Stored for long periods of time in tissues; toxicity a possibility -ADEK |
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Macrominerals |
Calcium Chlorine Magnesium Phosphorus Potassium Sodium |
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Microminerals |
Copper Iodine Iron Manganese Selenium Zinc |
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Trace elements |
Chromium Cobalt Fluorine Molybdenum Nickel Silicon Sulfur Vanadium |
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Catabolism |
Involves breakdown of nutrients into smaller molecules to produce energy |
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Anabolism |
Use of stored energy to assemble new molecules from the small components that are produced from catabolism |
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Cellular Respiration Stages |
-Krebs Cycle and ETC -Aerobic -Occurs in mitochondira |
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Glycolyssi |
Occurs in cytoplasm Anaerobic Glucose broken down to form pyruvate Pyruvate is transported to mitochondria |
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Kreb's Cycle |
-Occurs in mitochondria -Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA -ATP is released |
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Electron Transport Chain |
-Occurs in mitochondria -ATP is released when protons (H+) travels back to the matrix side |
