Bm Laser

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LASER

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light amplification stimulated emission of radiation

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what does a laswer consist of

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an optical cavity|pumping system|lasing medium

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how does a laser work

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spatially and temorally coherent|colliminated|monochromatic

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monochromatic

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unlike ordinary light which is made of many wavelengths

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synchronous or coherent

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light waves are same wavelength

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colliminated

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photons move in a single direction, decreasing the spread of the beam

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visible wavelengths

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400-760 nm

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what is argon 488-515

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absorbed selectively by Hbg and melanin and other pigments|transmits through clear substances

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KTP

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strongly absorbed by Hgb, malanin and similar pgments

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dye lasers

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tuned to suit

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HeNe

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ised for aiming of laswer

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Nd:Yg

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greatest thermal effect used for tissue coagulationa dn tumor debulking

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CO2 lasers

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little heat dissipated to surrounding issue

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what is CO2 laser favored

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precision in airway, neurosurgery, general, plastics and GYN surgeries

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tissue penetration by laser:|argon

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KTP|NdYAG|CO2|HeNe

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0.5 -2mm|0.5-2mm|2-6 mm|<0.5 mm|no sig tissue penetration

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class 2

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laser radiation do not stare into beam

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class 3a

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laser radiation do not stare into beam or view directly with optical instruments

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class 3b

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laser radiation avoid direct eye exposure

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class 4

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laser radiation avoid eye or skin exposure to direct or scattered radiation

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what must all rooms with 3a,3b or lasers have

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appropriate signs posted al all entrances

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notice warning sign

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does not indicate a hazardous situation|used to make peeps aware of policies regarding laser safety or indicate repair in progress

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caution sign

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indicates a potentially hazardous situation which could cause a less serious injury|cass 2 and 3a

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danger sign

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indicates a very dangerous situation tat could result in serious injury or death|lass 3b or 4

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direct beam hazards

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injury to skin|injury to eye|chemical exposure|respiratory injury|electrocution

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what is there an increased risk for form UV laser

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developing skin cancer

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what is the same type of injury that causes snow blindness

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UV 200-400 nm wavelength|inflammation to cornea

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what can chronic exposure to UV laser cause

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cataract formation in the lens of the eye, just like from the UV of the sun

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thermal damage is not

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cumulative as long as

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what is severe and at shorter visible wavelengths

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photochemical damage and is

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what results from exposure to high energy pulsed lasers

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acoustic shock which causes

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what is the focal point

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the eye can focus a colliminated beam of light to a spot 20 microns in diameter on the retina

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the focusing ability places the retina at risk when

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exposed to laser light in the avelength range that will penetrate to the retina

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why does the focusing ability put the retina at risk

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even fairly low wattage laswer light can impact the retina with 100,00 times the radiant power that entered the eye

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what is the retinal hazard region

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optical gain of eyes ability to focus laser light in the 400-1400 nm range

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what does non beam hazard refer to

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anything other than the laseritself that can create a hazard

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non beam hazards

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electrical hazards|fire hazards|laser generated air contaminantscompressed gases|chemical hazards|collateral and plasma radiation|noise

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what is required for eyes with argon, KTP,and Nd:YAG lasers

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specific color lenses

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what should protect against CO2 laser beams

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normal glasses with side shields

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why are special masks worn when lasers are used

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virus particles can be carried in the laser plume

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positives of laswer surgery of the airway

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precise control|minimizes edema

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negatives of laser surgery of the airway

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fire

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when using laser; upper airway management

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may use copper tube and jet ventilation

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all ETT are

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flammable

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is anything laser/fire proof

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nothing is

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specialized laser tubes have

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double cuff|cuff filled with water & dye

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intubation with upper airway laser

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specialized laser tubes|use lowest possible O2 possible|slaine soaked pledgets used

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why should have an accurate count of pledgets

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they could obstruct the airway on removal of the ETT