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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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arrowhead of neurologic ddx
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trauma/mech, vasc, epileptic, csf circ, tox/met, inf/inf/neo (infectious,inflamm, neoplastic), deg/dev, referred, psych, other non-neuro
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telencephalon
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cerebral cortex, subcort WM, BG, basal forebrain nuclei
(part of prosencephalon) |
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diencephalon
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thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
(part of prosencephalon) |
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mesencephalon
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cerebral peduncles, tectum, tegmentum
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rhombencephalon
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metencephalon - pons, cerebellum
myelencephalon - medulla |
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most common excitatory and inhibitory NT
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glutamate and GABA, respectively
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most common NT at neuromuscular junctions
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acetylcholine
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4 terms for WM pathways
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tract, fascicle, lemniscus, bundle
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pathways carrying signals toward a structure
pathways carrying signals away from structures |
afferent
efferent (arrive, exit) |
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dorsal nerve roots vs. ventral nerve roots
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dorsal (more posterior) convey afferent sensory info and ventral nerve root (more anterior) convey efferent motor signals to periphery
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most common excitatory and inhibitory NT
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glutamate and GABA, respectively
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most common NT at neuromuscular junctions
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acetylcholine
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4 terms for WM pathways
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tract, fascicle, lemniscus, bundle
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pathways carrying signals toward a structure
pathways carrying signals away from structures |
afferent
efferent (arrive, exit) |
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dorsal nerve roots vs. ventral nerve roots
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dorsal (more posterior) convey afferent sensory info and ventral nerve root (more anterior) convey efferent motor signals to periphery
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primary sensory and motor areas
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FL- primary motor in precentral gyrus, BA 4
PL- primary somatosensory postcentral gyrus BA 1,2,3 OL- primary visual- calcarine cortex BA 17 TL- primary auditory- transverse gyri of Heschl (inside sylvian fissure) BA 41 Parahippocampal gyrus- primary olfactory BA 38 temporal pole |
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Layers of neocortex
layer 1 |
molecular layer- main connections are dendrites/axons from other layers
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Layers of neocortex
layer 2 |
small pyramidal layer (aka external granular layer) cortical-cortical connections
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Layers of neocortex
layer 3 |
medium pyramidal layer- (aka external pyramidal layer) cortical-cortical connections
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Layers of neocortex
layer 4 |
granular layer (aka internal granular layer) receives inputs from thalamus
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Layers of neocortex
layer 5 |
large pyramidal layer (aka internal pyramidal layer) sends outputs to subcortical structures (other than thalamus)
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Layers of neocortex
layer 6 |
polymorphic layer (aka multiform layer) sends outputs to thalamus
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main motor pathways
corticospinal tract |
primary motor cortex->white matter->brainstem->spinal column
aka pyramidal tract 85% cross over b/w medulla and SC (pyramidal decussation) |
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upper motor neurons (UMN)
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neurons projecting from cortex to SC or BS->synapse onto lower MN
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lower motor neurons (LMN)
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located in anterior horn of central gray matter of SC or in BS motor nuclei
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main motor pathways
cerebellum and BG |
do not directly project onto LMN but modulate output of corticospinal tract and other descending motor systems. refines delicate or complex tasks; inputs/outputs to motor cortex thru thalamus
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main somatosensory pathways
posterior column pathway |
convey proprioception, vibration, and fine discriminative touch
enter SC via dorsal roots ascending dorsally (posterior) to medulla and synapse to secondary sensory neurons and cross over->thalamus->primary somatosensory cortex |
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primary somatosensory pathways
anterolateral pathway |
convey pain, temp, crude touch
enter SC via dorsal root but immediately synapse in gray matter of SC and cross over in SC->ascend in anterolateral WM, forming spinothalamic tract->thalamus->cortex |
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major sensory pathways
thalamus |
nearly all pathways to cortex relay thru; every sensory modality except smell has own nuclei in thal, reciprocal connections to cortex via layer 6
nonsenory pathways also relay thru thal (e.g., cerebellum, BG, RAS) |
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cranial nerves order and names
(On old Olympus towering top, a few victorious germans viewed some hops) |
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal
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CN I
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Olfactory (olfaction)
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CN II
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optic nerve (vision)
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CN III
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Oculomotor- extraocular muscles, parasympt constricts pupils and lens
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CN IV
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trochlear moves eyes downward and inward
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CN V
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trigeminal nerve
Somatosensory information (touch, pain, temp, vibration, joint position) from the face and head; muscles for chewing. |
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CN VI
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abducens- abduction of eye (outward)
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CN VII
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facial
Taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue); somatosensory information from ear; controls muscles used in facial expression. |
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CN VIII
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vestibulocochlear
Hearing; balance (vestibular) |
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CN IX
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glossopharyngeal
Taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue); Somatosensory information from tongue, tonsil, pharynx; controls some muscles used in swallowing. |
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CN X
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vagus
Sensory, motor and autonomic functions of viscera (glands, digestion, heart rate), swallowing, voicebox, taste from epiglottis and pharynx |
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CN XI
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spinal accessory
Controls muscles used in head movement. |
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CN XII
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hypoglossal
moves tongue |
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reticular formation
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w/in BS, extends throughtout central portions from medulla to midbrain, lower area involved w/ motor/autonoic, rostral portion regulates consciousness
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unimodal assoc cortex
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located adjacent to primary motor/sensory cortex
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heteromodal assoc cortex
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integrates fxs from multiple sensory/motor areas
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parietal lobe org
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superior/intra/inferior lobule. L inferior lobule lesions- acalculia, R/L confusion, finger agnosia, alexia (Gerstmann)
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frontal "release signs"
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primitive reflexes that are normal in infants- grasp, root, suck, and snout reflexes. can return in pts w/ FL lesions.
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terms for anterior, posterior superior, inferior above midbrain
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ant = rostral (nostril)
post = caudal sup = dorsal (fin) inf = ventral |
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terms for anterior, posterior superior, inferior below midbrain
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ant = ventral
post = dorsal sup = rostral inf = caudal |
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myelin forming glial cells in CNS and PNS
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oligodendrocytes in CNS
Schwann Cells in PNS |
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brachial and lumbosacral plexus
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meshwork of nerves coming off spinal cord to control arms and legs, respectively
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3rd autonomic division (in addition to syp and parasym systems)
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enteric NS- consists of neural plexus and is in walls of gut controlling peristalsis and gastrointestinal sectretions
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parietal lobe anatomy
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2 lobules superior and inferior. inferior P lobule consists of supramarginal gyrus (end of Sylvian F) and angular gyrus end of sup T gyrus), precuneous
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occiptal lobe anat
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cuneous above calcarine fissure; ligula below calcarine fissure, occipital pole at basae
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parietal lobe anatomy
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2 lobules superior and inferior. inferior P lobule consists of supramarginal gyrus (end of Sylvian F) and angular gyrus end of sup T gyrus), precuneous
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primary auditory cortex
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transverse gyri of Heschl lie inside Sylvian fissure on superior surface of TL
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occiptal lobe anat
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cuneous above calcarine fissure; ligula below calcarine fissure, occipital pole at basae
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pyramidal decussation
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b/w medulla and SC. Damage to fibers above it = contralateral weakness; lesion below = ipsilateral
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cerebellum BG role in motor system
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modulatory effect on motor output; major inputs to motor cortex.
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primary auditory cortex (include BA)
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transverse gyri of Heschl lie inside Sylvian fissure on superior surface of TL (BA 41)
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primary olfactory cortex (include BA)
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temporal pole BA 38
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pyramidal decussation
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b/w medulla and SC. Damage to fibers above it = contralateral weakness; lesion below = ipsilateral
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pyramidal decussation
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b/w medulla and SC. Damage to fibers above it = contralateral weakness; lesion below = ipsilateral
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cerebellum BG and motor system
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modulatory effect on motor output; major inputs to motor cortex.
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2 main somatic pathways in SC
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posterior column pathway- proprioception, vibration sense, fine disciminative touch
anterolateral path- pain, temp, crude touch |
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sensory pathway in SC:
posterior column |
proprioception, vibration, fine touch. enter via dorsal roots and ipsilateral WM columns, synapse at medulla onto secondary sensory neurons whose axons cross over at medulla ->primary somatosensory cortex
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primary sensory neurons
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outside of CNS; cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia. bifurcated axon into periphery one way and into SC the other
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sensory pathway in SC:
anterolateral pathway |
pain, temp sense, crude touch. enter SC in dorsal roots but immed synapse in gray matter of SCsecondary sensory neurons cross over in SC and form spinothalamic tract. synapse in thalamus and go to primary somatosensory cortex
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thalamus
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most pathways that project to cerebral cortex pass thru. each sensory modality has a nuclear area
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monosynaptic strecth reflex
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reflex arc that provides rapid feedback for motor control. muscle spindles detect stretch and convey to dorsal roots in SC. LMN project back to muscle causing contraction
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unimodal cortex
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assoc cortex in which higher order processign takes place for single sensory or motor modality . inputs from promary sensory
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heteromodal cortex
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integrating fxs from several sensory/motor modalities
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anterior blood supply to brain
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2 internal carotids supply anterior and middle cerebral arteries
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posterior blood supply to brain
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2 vertebral arteries join to make basilar artery. supply posterior cerebral artery, superior, anterior inferior and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries.
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primary motor cortex (include BA)
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precentral gyrus (BA 4)
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primary somatosensory cortex (include BA)
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post-central gyrus (BA 1,2,3)
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primary visual cortex (include BA)
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banks of calcarine fissure (BA 17)
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primary olfactory cortex, limbic association cortex (include BA)
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parahippocampal gyrus aka uncus (BA 28, 34, 35, 36)
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gustatory cortex (include BA)
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insular cortex (BA 43)
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