Blood Vessels And Blood Cells

Front 1

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

Back 1

From inner to outer: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia

Front 2

What are the three types of capillaries?

Back 2

1.) Continuous (tight junctions)

2.) Fenestrated (covered openings)

3.) Discontinuous (large openings, discontinuous basement membrane)

Front 3

What layers make up the tunica intima?

Back 3

1.) Simple squamous epithelium (endothelium), which rests on basement membrane

2.) Subendothelial layer composed of connective tissue

Front 4

Describe the layers of the tunica media.

Back 4

1.) Smooth muscle

2.) Connective tissue such as collagens, proteoglycans, and elastin

Front 5

Describe the tunica adventitia.

Back 5

The tunica adventitia consists of connective tissue, which blends into connective tissue of the organ being supplied

Front 6

What are the three types of arteries?

Back 6

Elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles

Front 7

Which vessels constitute the majority of resistance in the circulatory system?

Back 7

Arterioles

Front 8

What is the differences between the structure of veins and arteries?

Back 8

Veins have a larger, more irregular lumen; a smaller ratio smooth muscle cell to collagen fiber ratio; the absence of elastin lamina; thicker adventitia; and valves

Front 9

Why are veins called "capacitance" vessels?

Back 9

They contain 70% of blood, 7x as much as arteries.

Front 10

Compare and contrast the three types of capillaries.

Back 10

Continuous capillaries are the most common and most impermeable. They can contain vesicles for transcytosis or tight junctions.

Fenestrated capillaries have windows with diaphragms over them that act as molecular sieves

Discontinuous capillaries have windows without diaphragms and discontinuous basement membranes

Front 11

How do endothelial cells play a role in vasoregulation?

Back 11

1.) Release locally-acting vasoactive substances

2.) Secrete vasodilators like nitric oxide that diffuse locally and relax vascular smooth muscle

3.) Secrete vasoconstrictors that act locally on smooth muscle cells

4.) Contain antiotensin-converting enzyme which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which constricts arterioles and elevates blood pressure

Front 12

What role do endothelial cells play in hemostasis?

Back 12

Facilitate blood flow by preventing platelet adhesion and clotting

Front 13

What role do endothelial cells play in leukocyte adhesion?

Back 13

Express adhesion molecules at site of injury for leukocytes to cross into tissues

Front 14

What is vasculogenesis? Describe the process.

Back 14

Vasculogenesis is new vessel formation in embryonic development. Hemangioblasts become angioblasts and develop into endothelial cells. Endothelial cells migrate, proliferate, and assemble into primitive tubular network, which is remodeled through pruning and vessel enlargement

Front 15

What is angiogenesis? Describe the process.

Back 15

Angiogenesis is the development of new vessels from pre-existing vessels in adults. Endothelial cells in capillaries migrate, proliferate, and form sprouts that fuse with other capillaries.

Front 16

What are some triggers of angiogenesis in adults?

Back 16

Wound healing, ovulation, menstrual cycle, implantation of embryo, lack of oxygen, and establishment of large fat deposits.

Front 17

What are the two classes of blood cells?

Back 17

Erythrocytes (RBC) and leukocytes (WBC)

Front 18

What are the two classes of leukocytes?

Back 18

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes and mononuclear leukocytes

Front 19

What are the different types of granulocytes?

Back 19

Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

Front 20

What are the types of mononuclear leukocytes?

Back 20

lymphocytes and monocytes

Front 21

What are two types of differentiated monocytes?

Back 21

Dendritic cells or macrophages

Front 22

What are the types of lymphocytes?

Back 22

B cells, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells,

Front 23

What type of leukocytes are the hallmark of acute inflammation and why?

Back 23

Neutrophils. They are already present in the tissues and respond quickly to bacteria and other foreign substances

Front 24

Which is the most abundant leukocyte?

Back 24

Neutrophils

Front 25

Which leukocyte mounts the innate immune response to parasites?

Back 25

Eosinophils

Front 26

What leukocytes mediates the innate immune response for allergic/IgE mediated reactions?

Back 26

Basophils

Front 27

What is the difference between mast cells and basophils?

Back 27

Mast cells are resident cells in connective tissue while basophils are mobilized to sites of inflammation