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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Blood transfusion compatibility
Medico legal problems (disputed paternity) Understand geographical distribution of population |
Why is blood typing important?
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Agglutinogens
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Present on cell membrane of RBCs; chemical nature= glycoproteins or polysaccharides
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Agglutinins (antibodies)
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Present in plasma; chemical nature= immune globulin/gamma globulin
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Agglutination
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Agglutinogen reacts with corresponding agglutinin; leads to "clumping" of RBCs
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ABO system
Rh system |
What are the 2 major systems of blood typing?
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Karl Land-Steiner's Law
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1. When particular agglutinogen is PRESENT on RBC, the corresponding agglutinin will be absent in plasma (applies to all systems of blood grouping)
2. When particular agglutinogen is ABSENT on RBC, the corresponding agglutinin will be present in plasma (applies ONLY to ABO system) |
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A and B
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Agglutinogens in ABO system
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D
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Agglutinogen in Rh system
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Major cross matching
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Donor's cell suspension is made to react with recipient's plasma
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Minor cross matching
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Donor's plasma is made to react with recipient's cell suspension
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O negative
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Universal donor
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AB positive
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Universal recipient
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hemorrhage
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When would WHOLE blood be transfused?
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anemia
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When would PACKED CELLS be transfused?
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hemophilia
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When would FRESH blood be transfused?
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burns
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When would PLASMA be transfused?
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Erythroblastosis fetalis
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When would EXCHANGE transfusion be necessary?
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leukocytopenia
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When would leukocytes (white blood cells) be transfused?
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thrombocytopenia
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When would thrombocytes (platelets) be transfused?
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TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES (AIDS, viral hepatitis, syphilis, malaria)
OVERLOADING OF HEART (too much blood is transfused) IONIC IMBALANCES (leads to hypokalemia and hypocalcemia-->affects excitability of nerve and muscle) FEBRILE REACTIONS (fever, shivering) |
Dangers of COMPATIBLE blood transfusion
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MINOR reaction: hemolysis
MODERATE: post transfusion jaundice SEVERE: agglutination, which blocks circulation: resulting in compression in chest, pain at back, organ failure (kidney, brain) |
Reactions associated with INCOMPATIBLE blood transfusion
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Incompatibility of blood group between mother and fetus (mother is Rh- and fetus is Rh+)
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Cause of erythroblastosis fetalis
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anemia
jaundice hepatosplenomegaly increased reticulocytes immature nucleated erythrocytes (erythroblasts) |
Symptoms of erythroblastosis fetalis
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>During first delivery, some of Rh+ cells of fetus enter maternal circulation
>Rh+ cells stimulate immune system of mother >Immune response causes production of Anti-D antibodies >In SUBSEQUENT pregnancy, Rh+ cells may enter maternal circulation due to damage of placenta >Causing production of LARGE amount of Anti-D antibodies >Anti-D antibodies enter fetal circulation through placenta >Fetal RBCs are agglutinated (Anti-D antibodies + Rh+ cells= agglutination) |
How is erythroblastosis fetalis induced?
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Exchange transfusion
1. Transfuse infant's body with 20 mL of O- blood 2. Remove 20 mL of blood from body 3. Alternate 1 and 2 until infant gets better |
ONLY method to treat erythroblastosis fetalis
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Not increasing blood volume
Decrease bilirubin concentration Decrease level of Anti-D antibodies in circulation |
What are the benefits of exchange transfusion?
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Inject Anti-D antibody to mother within ~48 hours following delivery of Rh+ infant (antibodies agglutinate fetal RBCs having Rh+ antigen, which PREVENTS SENSITIZATION)
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Prevention of erythroblastosis fetalis in subsequent pregnancies
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