Blood System

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Plasma

Back 1

clear straw-colored liquid that contains cells/formed elements. 4 major plasma proteins = albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, prothrombin.

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erythrocytes

Back 2

red blood cells. Biconcave disk. contains hemoglobin. Acts as oxygen carrier. Originate in bone marrow. 120 day life.

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leukocytes

Back 3

white blood cells. neutrophil basophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte, monocyte

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platelets/thrombocytes

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clotting cells. Blood cell fragments formed in red bone marrow by megakaryocytes.

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hematopoietic stem cells

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where RBC and WBC arise from. Originates in the bone marrow

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erythropoietin

Back 6

hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates production of RBC

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Bilirubin

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when hemoglobin is broken down, when heme releases iron and it decomposes into a yellow-orange pigment. Excreted into bile by the liver to enter small intestine where it is excreted in the stool

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Basophils

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contain heparin (anticlotting) and histamine (chemical released in allergic responses)

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Eosinophils

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increase in allergic responses and engulf substances that trigger the allergies.

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Neutrophils

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phagocytes that accumulate at sites of infection where they ingest and destroy bacteria. Most numerous of granuloctyes

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Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

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promote the growth of granulocytes in bone marrow

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polymorphonuclear

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multilobed nuclei. All granuloctyes

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Mononuclear

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containing one large nucleus

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lymphocytes

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made in bone marrow and lymph nodes. circulate in bloodstream and lymphatic system. Immune response that protects against infection. Can directly attack foreign matter and make antibodies

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Monocytes

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phagocytic cells that fight disease. Move from bloodstream into tissues as macrophages and dispose of dead and dying cells and other tissue debris.

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albumin

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maintains proper proportion and concentration of water in the blood. Attracts water from tissues back into bloodstream.

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Edema

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swelling. occurs when too much fluid from blood leaks out into tissues.

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Globulins

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alpha, beta, and gamma globulins. Gamma=immunoglobulins antibodies that bind to and destroy antigens. IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

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Plasmapheresis

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process of separating plasma from cells and then removing the plasma from the patient

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hemolysis

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breakdown of red blood cells

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

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excessive clotting in blood vessels. Life threatening.

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Rh Factor

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(+) refers to person who is born with the Rh antigen on his or her red blood cells (-) doesn't have Rh antigen

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Coagulation

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blood clotting. Final results is the formation of a fibrin clot from the plasma protein fibrinogen

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Factor VIII

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important clotting factor. Missing in some people born with hemophilia

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Anticoagulant substances

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in bloodstream inhibit blood clotting. Ex. Heparin

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antibody

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protein (immunoglobin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens. Antibody is specific to an antigen and inactivates it

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differentiation

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change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization

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electrophoresis

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method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge

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granulocyte

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white blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules: eosinophil, neutrophil, basophil

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macrophage

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monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces. As a phagocyte it engulfs foreign material and debris

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plasmapheresis

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removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge. Collected cells retransfused into donor. Fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution used to replace withdrawn plasma

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reticulocyte

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immature erythrocyte. Network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining the cell w/ special dyes

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serum

Back 33

plasma minus clotting proteins and cells.

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Stem cell

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unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms.

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thrombin

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enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

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bas/o

Back 36

base

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chrom/o

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color

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coagul/o

Back 38

clotting

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cyt/o

Back 39

cell

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eosin/o

Back 40

red, dawn, rosy

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erythr/o

Back 41

red

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granul/o

Back 42

granules

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hem/o

Back 43

blood

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hemat/o

Back 44

blood

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hemoglobin/o

Back 45

hemoglobin

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is/o

Back 46

same, equal

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kary/o

Back 47

nucleus

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leuk/o

Back 48

white

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mon/o

Back 49

single, one

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morph/o

Back 50

shape, form

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myel/o

Back 51

bone marrow

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neutr/o

Back 52

neutral

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nucle/o

Back 53

nucleus

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phag/o

Back 54

eat, swallow

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poikil/o

Back 55

varried, irregular

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sider/o

Back 56

iron

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spher/o

Back 57

globe, round

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thromb/o

Back 58

clot

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-apheresis

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removal, a carrying away

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-blast

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immature cell, embryonic

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-cytosis

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abnormal condition of cells

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-emia

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blood condition

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-globin

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protein

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-globulin

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protein

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-lytic

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pertaining to destruction

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-oid

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derived from

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-osis

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abnormal condition

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-penia

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deficiency

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-phage

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eat, swallow

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-philia

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attraction for

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-phoresis

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carrying, transmission

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-poiesis

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formation

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-stasis

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stop, control

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dyscrasia

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any abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood

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anemia

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deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin. Iron-deficiency most popular

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aplastic anemia

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failure of blood cell production in bone marrow. Idiopathic

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hemolytic anemia

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reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction

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pernicious anemia

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lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body

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sick cell anemia

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hereditary condition characterized by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis

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thalassemia

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inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean background

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hemochromatosis

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excess iron deposits throughout the body

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polycythemia vera

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general increase in red blood cells (erythremia)

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hemophilia

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excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of blood clotting factors (factor VIII or IX) necessary for blood clotting

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purpura

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multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin

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Petechiae

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tiny purple or red flat spots appearing on the skin as a result of hemorrhages

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leukemia

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increase in cancerous white blood cells

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acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

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immature granulocytes predominate

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acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

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immature lymphocytes predominates. Most often seen in children and adolescents

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Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

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bot mature and immature granulocytes present in large numbers in marrow and bloodstream. Slowly progressive often adults older than 55

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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

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abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. Most common occurs in elderly

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granulocytosis

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abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood

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eosinophilia

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increase in eosinophilic granulocytes

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basophilia

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increase in basophilic granulocytes

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mononucleosis

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infectious disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Transmitted by EBV

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multiple myeloma

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malignant neoplasm of bone marrow

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Autologous bone marrow transplantation (AMBT)

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patient serves as his/her own donor for stem cells

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antiglobulin test

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test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes

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bleeding time

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time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound. <8 min

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coagulation time

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time required for venous blood to clot in test tube <15 min

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complete blood count (CBC)

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determination of number of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values (MCH, MCV, MCHC)

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erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

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speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma

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hematocrit (Hct)

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percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood

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hemoglobin test (H, Hg, HgB, HGB)

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total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood

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platelet count

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number of platelets per cubic millimeter (mm3) or microliter of blood. 150k-350k per mm3

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prothrombin time (PT)

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test of the ability of blood to clot

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red blood cell count (RBC)

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number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood. 4-6 million per mm3

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red blood cell morphology

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microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells

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white blood cell count (WBC)

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number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter (mm3) or microliter of blood. 5k-10k per mm3

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white blood cell differential (count)

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percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood. Shift to left describes increase in immature neutrophils

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apheresis

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separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood

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blood transfusion

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whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient

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bone marrow biopsy

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microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle

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bone marrow aspirate

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bone marrow removed by brief suction produced by a syringe

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hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

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peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient

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Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

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serious infection

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Ab

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antibody

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ABMT

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autologous bone marrow transplantation

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ABO

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four main blood types- A, B, AB, O

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ALL

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acute lymphocytic leukemia

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AML

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acute myelogenous leukemia

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ANC

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absolute neutrophil count

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ASCT

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autogolous stem cell transplantation

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bands

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immature white blood cells

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baso

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basophils

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BMT

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bone marrow transplantation

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CBC

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complete blood count

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CLL

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chronic lymphocytic leukemia

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CML

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chronic myelogenous leukemia

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DIC

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disseminated intravascular coagulation

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diff

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differential count (WBC)

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EBV

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Epstein-Barr virus; cause of mononucleosis

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eos

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eosinophils

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EPO

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erythropoietin

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ESR

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erythrocyte sedimentation rate

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Fe

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iron

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G-CSF

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granulocyte colony stimulating factor- promotes neutrophil production

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GM-CSF

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granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor

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g/dL

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gram per deciliter

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GVHD

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graft-versus-host disease

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HCL

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hairy cell leukemia

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Hct

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hematocrit

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HgB, HGB

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hemoglobin

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Hand H

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hemoglobin and hematocrit

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HLA

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human leukocyte antigen

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IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

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immunoglobins

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MCH

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mean corpuscular hemoglobin

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MCHC

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mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

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MCV

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mean corpuscular volume

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polys, PMNs, PMNLs

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polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)

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PT

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prothrombin time

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PTT

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partial thromboplastin time

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SMAC

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sequential multiple analyzer computer

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WNL

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within normal limits