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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three membranes that enclose CNS?
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1. Dura mater (external)
2. Arachnoid 3. Pia mater (internal) |
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Which membrane closely follows each of the sulci & gyri of CNS?
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Pia mater
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Arachnoid layer primarily filled with?
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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What are the 2 layers of the cerebral dura mater?
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1. Inner meningeal layer
2. Outer endosteal layer |
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What serves as the periosteum to the calvaria?
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Endosteal layer of cerebral dura mater
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What is an epidural hematoma?
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Hemorrhage into the endosteal layer of dura mater (between bone & dura)
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What is an subarachnoid hematoma?
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Hemorrhage between brain & dura
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How is an epidural hematoma represented on an MRI?
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crescent shaped displacement
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How is a subarachnoid hematoma represented on an MRI?
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Indentation
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What happens when a meningeal artery between dura & bone is lacerated?
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Epidural hematoma--> death within minutes
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What happens when there is a laceration occurs to a vein on surface of brain?
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Subarachnoid hematoma --> very slow, lasting days & months before symptoms appear
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What is a subdural hematoma?
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Hemorrhage into interface between dura & arachnoid layers
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What happens when a a vein is teared at its attachment to a sinus?
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Subdural hematoma
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What is an interparenchymal/Interventricular hemorrhage?
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Damage to large vessels within brain itself
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The endosteal & meningeal layers of the dura separate at several locations to contain?
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Large V-shaped sinuses
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What are septum?
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Two sides of dura joined at specific sites separating cranium into divisions
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What is the largest septal division?
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Flax cerebri
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Where does the flax cerebri lie?
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Between 2 cerebral hemispheres in mid-sagittal plane
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What is the second septum which the flax cerebri meets posteriorly?
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Tentorium cerebelli
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What does the tentorium cerebelli separate?
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Separates overlying cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum
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What happens to the dura at the level of the foramen magnum?
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Two cerebral layers of dura separate
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What happens to endosteal layer of dura at foramen magnum?
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Joins the bone
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What happens to the meningeal layer of dura at foramen magnum?
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Follows spinal cord & creates epidural space between it & bone
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What attaches the bottom of the spinal cord to the vertebra?
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Filum terminale
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What follows all of the spinal nerves as they exit the cord?
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Spinal dura
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Pia matter tethers spinal cord to dura via?
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Dentate ligaments-- triangular connections at its lateral margins
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What are arachnoid trabelculae?
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Delicate sublayer of CT between the arachnoid & pia mater
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Space created by arachnoid trabeculae is filled with?
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CSF
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What are cisterns?
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Enlarged spaces at specific points created by arachnoid trabeculae that are filled w/ CSF
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Largest cistern is?
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Lumbar cistern
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Where is the lumbar cistern located & what is its significance?
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Located below base of spinal cord & produces ideal location for CSF sampling (spinal tap/lumbar puncture)
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What are the 2 pairs of arteries that supply the brain?
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1. Carotid arteries
2. Vertebral arteries |
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Where does the internal carotid enter the brain?
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Enters base of skull
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When the internal carotid enters the skull, it divides into which 2 branches?
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1. Anterior cerebral artery
2. Middle cerebral artery |
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Where does the middle cerebral artery supply?
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Ascends through lateral sulcus to supply --> lateral surface of brain (frontal, parietal & occipital lobes) but doesn't extend to edges of each cortical area
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Anterior cerebral artery travels?
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In front of corpus callosum
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Anterior cerebral artery supplies? (2)
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1. Bottom of frontal lobes
2. Midline cortical areas between 2 hemispheres (up to parietal-occipital border) |
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Branches of the anterior cerebral artery travel over & supply?
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Travel over surface of each hemisphere & supply lateral margins of lobe
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Anterior cerebral artery does not supply midline past?
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Parietal-occipital border
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What arteries enter skull & course along ventral aspect of medulla?
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Vertebral arteries
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Vertebral arteries merge on midline at junction of medulla & pons to form?
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Basilar artery
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At the rostral border of the pons the basilar arteries divides into?
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2 posterior cerebral arteries
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Posterior cerebral arteries supply? (2)
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Inferior surface of:
1. Temporal lobes 2. Occipital poles |
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Basilar artery gives rise to which 3 arteries?
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1. Labyrinthe artery
2. Superior cerebellar 3. Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries |
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Labyrinthine artery supplies?
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inner ear
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Superior cerebellar & anterior inferior cerebellar arteries supply?
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Superior portions of cerebellum
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Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) supplies? (2)
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Posterior cerebellum & lateral medulla
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Posterior inferior cerebellar artery is derived from? (in most people)
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Vertebrals
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Basal ganglia & small portion of thalamus supplied by which artery?
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Middle cerebral artery
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Thalamus is mostly supplied by which artery?
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Posterior cerebral artery
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Ventral spinal artery is formed by?
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Branches of vertebral arteries that join together on midline
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Top of spinal cord is supplied by which artery?
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Ventral spinal artery
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What supplies the middle medulla?
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Ventral spinal artery (forms near junction of medulla & pons)
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Dorsal side of spinal cord supplied by which arteries?
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Branches of vertebral arteries
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What is the circle of Willis?
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System of anastomosing arteries on base of brain
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Circle of Willis is composed of which arteries?
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1. Middle cerebral
2. Anterior & posterior communicating arteries 3. Anterior cerebral 4. Posterior cerebral |
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What is important about the circle of Willis?
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If stenosis is present --> communicating arteries dilate considerable to maintain blood flow in the brain
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Venous drainage of cerebrum empties into?
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Superior sagittal sinus
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Where is the superior sagittal sinus located?
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Top of the falx cerebri-- runs over top of 2 cerebral hemispheres
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Superior sagittal sinus empties into?
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Pair of transverse sinuses
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Where are transverse sinuses located?
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Circle lateral posterior edges of hemispheres
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Where is the inferior sagittal sinus located?
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Bottom of flax cerebri
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What forms posterior to inferior sagittal sinus?
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Straight sinus
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What is the confluence of sinsuses?
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Where straight sinus connects at the same position as the formation of the 2 transverse sinuses
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Each transverse sinus follows margin of occipital bone to the petrous bone where it forms?
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Sigmoid sinus
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Sigmoid sinus exists skull as?
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Internal jugular vein
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The great vein of Galen drains into?
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straight sinus
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What sinus lies at the base of the brain near the nasal cavity?
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Cavernous sinus
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Cavernous sinus envelopes what structures? (3)
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1. Pituitary gland
2. Internal carotid arteries 3. Several cranial nerves |
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Cavernous sinus receives blood from? (2)
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1. Anterior-frontal portion of brain
2. Orbits |
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Cavernous sinus drains posterior through?
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Superior & inferior petrosal sinuses
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What are ventricles?
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Fluid filled cavities
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What are the four ventricles?
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1. Lateral ventricle (right & left)
2. Third ventricle 3. Fourth ventricle |
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What is the largest ventricle?
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Lateral ventricle
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Ventricle located in each cerebral hemisphere in the temporal lobe?
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Lateral ventricle
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What are the divisions of the ventricles? (4)
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1. Anterior horn
2. Posterior horn 3. Inferior horn 4. Main body (connects horns to each other) |
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Ventricle that lies on midline of brain between the 2 halfs of the diencephalon?
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Third ventricle
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What connects lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?
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Intraventricular foramen
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What connects the fourth ventricle to the third ventricle?
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Cerebral aqueduct
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Fourth ventricle is located under which part of the brain?
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Cerebellum
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What is the purpose of the 2 apertures in the fourth ventricle?
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Allow CSF to exit ventricular system into the subarachnoid space covering the brain
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What are the apertures in the fourth ventricle called?
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1. Lateral apertures (2)
2. Median aperture (1) |
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Cerebral spinal fluid is derived from?
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Plasma
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CSF enters into subarachnoid space exits into blood system via?
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Arachnoid granulations
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Where are arachnoid granulations found?
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On top of the meninges into the mid-sagittal sinus
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CSF is produced by?
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Choroid plexus
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Where is the choroid plexus found?
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In the roof of the third & fourth ventricles & floor of lateral ventricles
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