Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How does blood regulate Homeostasis?
|
Regulation of- Extra Vascular Fluid Volume/ pH/ Body Temp
|
|
What makes up plasma?
|
serum + clotting elements
|
|
Clot =
|
fibrin + platelets
|
|
Hematocrit
|
volume of RBC’s
|
|
Buffy coat?
|
WBC’s + Platelets
|
|
What are the functions of blood?
|
Transport: Nutrients/ Gasses/ Metabolic heat/ Hormones/ Waste
Homeostasis: /Regulation of- Extra Vascular Fluid Volume/ pH/ Body Temp Protection Against- Infections/ Blood loss |
|
How does blood regulate Homeostasis?
|
Regulation of- Extra Vascular Fluid Volume/ pH/ Body Temp
Protection Against- Infections/ Blood loss |
|
Hb+O2=
|
Oxyhemoglobin
|
|
Hb+CO2=
|
Carbaniminohemoglobin
|
|
Hb+CO2=
|
Carboxyhemoglobin
|
|
Shape of the RBC
|
biconcave disks
(which allows a greater surface area for gas exchange) |
|
What is Crenation?
|
Structural change due to the cells being in a hypertonic solution (forming spikes)
|
|
What is Ghosting?
|
Process where hemoglobin devolves out of the cell due to the cells being in a hypotonic solution
|
|
Globin
|
amino acids
|
|
Heme
|
broken down Ferritin+ Biliruben
|
|
What are the classifications of Granules?
|
Azurophilic (primary, non-specific)
Specific (secondary) |
|
Specific (secondary)
|
developed after the pri- mary granules (hence secondary) and contain substances peculiar to a specific cell type (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
|
|
Azurophilic (primary, non-specific)
|
rich in acid phos- phatase and peroxidase.
|
|
Agranulocytes
|
Lymphocytes, Monocytes,
|
|
Platelts
|
Parts of cytoplasm of megakaryocytes
|
|
Bone Marrow Functions
|
Hematopoiesis
Hematoclasia Immunological Osseous |
|
Red Bone Marrow
|
indicates active hematopoiesis. In adults, red marrow
is found in the flat bones of the body. |
|
YellowBone Marrow
|
Lots of fat/ Mostly after birth
Fat appears in the shafts of long bones about 5-7 years of age |
|
Compartments of Bone Marrow
|
Hematopoitic Compartment
Vascular compartment |
|
Hematopoitic Compartment
|
located between the sinusoids and contains:
the cells of the hemopoietic lineage. connective tissue cells such as mast cells, macrophages, plasma cells, and reticular cells |
|
Vascular compartment
|
Nutrient arteries enter bone via nutrient foramina and branch into smaller vessels.
|
|
Developmental Phases Of Bone Marrow
|
Mesoblastic: 1st Trimester
Hepatic: 2nd Trimester Myeloid: 3rd Trimester |
|
Mesoblastic v
|
1st Trimester
|
|
Hepatic
|
2nd Trimester
|
|
Myeloid
|
3rd Trimester
|
|
Pleurimpotent Hemopoietic Stem cells (PHSC)
|
CFU-S (CFU-GEMM)
CFU-L |
|
CFU-S (CFU-GEMM) form Stem Cells that differentiate into:
|
erythrocytes/ granuloctes/ monocytes/ megakaryocytes
|
|
CFU-L form Stem Cells that differentiate into:
|
lymphocytes (T- and B- cells)
|
|
Cell Size (range)
|
Large TO Small
|
|
Chromatin pattern (range)
|
Fine TO Clumped
|
|
Nucleoli (range)
|
Present TO Absent
|
|
Nuclear Morphology
|
The nuclei of developing erythrocytes are large with fine chromatin
|
|
Proerythroblast
|
First recognizable stage of the erythrocyte
Large, spherical, and centrally located Nucleus proerythroblasts undergo mitoses |
|
Basophilic Erythroblast
|
cytoplasm is strongly basophilic
Basophilic erythroblasts undergo mitoses |
|
Polychromatiphilic Erythroblast
|
Smaller cell
cytoplasm is greyish in color due to the production of hemoglobin and a reduction in the number of ribosomes. last cell to undergo mitoses |
|
Orthochromatophilic Erythroblast
|
Cytoplasm is pink, nearing that in color of a mature erythrocyte
Once the nucleus is extruded, the cell is called a reticulocyte Do not undergo mitoses |
|
Reticulocyte
|
Usually the first of this lineage that is put into circulation
Immature RBC’s 1% of RBC’s |
|
Myleoblast
|
Smaller nucleus than Proerythroblast
|
|
Promyelocyte
|
2 Light staingin RNA
hallmark of this stage is the presence of azurophilic granules (lysosomes) Promyelocytes undergo mitoses |
|
Myelocyte
|
hallmark of this stage is the production of specific granules
cytoplasm appears pale due to the presence of neutrophilic (specific) granules that tend to mask the azurophilic granules NOTE: This is the last stage to undergo mitosis. |
|
Metamyelocyte
|
identified on the basis of nuclear morphology.
nucleus is elongate and has an indentation on one side that is less than 50% |
|
Band (Stab)
|
elongated nuclei that assume the shape of a horseshoe
First that can be put into circulation |
|
Neutrophil
|
2-3 X bigger than RBC
|
|
Megakaryoblast
|
precursor cell to a promegakaryocyte, which in turn becomes a megakaryocyte
|
|
Dense Diffuse
|
1) loose - lymphocytes not closely aggregated
2) dense - closely aggregated lymphocytes |
|
Nodular tissue
|
Primary Nodules • Only type before birth
Secondary Nodules • Appear after birth Organs a. Partially encapsulated (C.T.) b. Totally encapsulated (C.T. |
|
Partial Encapsulated Organ
|
Pharyngeal tonsil
Palatine tonsils 3) Lingual tonsils |
|
Total Encapsulated Organ
|
Lymph nodes
2) Spleen |
|
Germinal center
|
Part of the secondary Node
Contains: i) Mostly B-lymphocytes; some Tʼs Med. & large lymphocytes iii) Plasma cells iv) Macrophages v) reticular cells |
|
What are Crypts?
|
Pits in the tonsils
Shallower = Less chance of infection |
|
Parts of the Lymph node
|
Cortex (outer part of organ) - consists of lymphatic nodules embedded in
diffuse lymphatic tissue. Medulla - cords of lymphatic tissue in central part of organ. |
|
IN to the Lymph node via 1._____
OUT of the node via 2. ____ |
1. Afferent lymph vessel
2. Efferent Lymph vessel |
|
Parts of the Spleen
|
1. Dense C.T. capsule with smooth muscle cells. 2. Trabeculae from the capsule penetrates the organ.
3. Subcapsular tissue referred to as “pulp”; based on the gross, unstained appearance it is divided into: a. Red Pulp - contains splenic sinuses and cords of lymphatic tissue (Splenic cords, Cords of Bilroth). b. White Pulp - lymphatic tissue with nodules. 4. Stroma - reticular fibers Associated cells: macrophages & reticular cells. |
|
Tunica Media
|
contains 1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells
|
|
Thymus:
(action) |
Self vs Non-self for White Cells
|
|
Blood-Thymic Barrier
|
prevent the small lymphocytes in the cortex from being sensitized by antigens that could escape from the cortical capillaries.
|