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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Blood composition
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45% of blood volume is made up of RBC, WBC, and platelets (the Formed elements)
55% is made up of plasma |
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What is plasma composed of?
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90% water
8% plasma proteins Less than 1% is salts Rest is made up of gases (O2, CO2), nutrients, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, and vitamins. |
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What is the function of Blood?
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*Tranport
-RBC transport O2, remove CO2 from tissues, and carry nitrogenous wastes from liver to kidney -plasma- nutrients and hormones to tissues *Defense -WBC fight pathogens and platelets clot the blood *Regulation -Plasma maintains body temp. and blood pH |
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Define pathogens.
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microscopic infectious agents
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Describe Red Blood Cells
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*Small
*Found exclusively in blood *Biconcave *Conatins millions of molecules called HEMOGLOBIN (1 cell contains 200 million hemolobin molecule) |
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Hemoglobin
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Respiratory pigments molecule that binds with oxygen; red in color
One RBC contains about 200 million hemo. molecules The iron containing portion of hemoglobin (heme) carries O2 to our cells Gives blood the red color when oxygenated The O2 is used during cellular respiration to produce ATP |
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Where are RBCs produced?
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Infants produce RBC in all spongy bones
Adults produce RBC in the skull, sternum, vertebrae, and ilium, only. (All in the core) |
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Life of the RBCs
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Lose their nuclei as they mature so that more hemoglobin can fit inside
Live ~120 days so new RBC are constantly being made by red bone marrow |
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Production/destruction of RBC
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As RBC age, they are destroyed in the live and spleen
When O2 levels in the blood drop, the kidneys and liver secrete a hormone that stimulates production of RBC |
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Definition of anemia
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Inefficiency in the oxygen carrying ability of blood due to a shortage of hemoglobin
or not enough iron in hemoglobin or not making enough RBC |
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What is anemia caused by?
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-Low # of RBC
-Low hemoglobin level b/c of inadequate supply iron or folic acid -Inability to absorb B12 from large intestine which is needed to form RBC Increased rate of RBC destruction Hemolysis Sickle shaped RBC- Sickle cell disease |
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Define hemolysis
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rupturing of RBC
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Function of WBC
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*IMMUNITY
Fight infection-pathogens Unlike RBC, able to leave the capillaries and enter our tissues Many types of cells-some live for days, other live for months or years |
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White Blood Cells
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Also called Leukocytes
Larger Have a nucleus - varies in shape (survive longer) Lack hemoglobin b/c no bond w/ oxygen Not as numerous in the body (increased in numbers only during times of infection) 2 types: Granular & Agranular |
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Granular Leukocytes
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Neutrophils
Eosinophils Basophils |
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Agranular leukocytes
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Lymphocytes, monocytes
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Neutrophils
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most abundant; 1st to respond to an infection; multilobed nucleus; granules are neutral in color
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Eosinophils
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Bilobed nucleus; large abundant red granules; function unknown BUT numbers increase when a parasitic worm or an allergic rxn is present
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Basophils
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U shaped or lobed nucleus; granules are dark blue ; become MAST cells that release chemicals that dialite by and cause smooth muscle contraction.
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Monocytes
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largest WBC; various functions; engulf
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Lymphocytes
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responsible for specific immunity; have memory
2 subtypes |
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What are the subtypes of Lymphocytes?
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B Lymphocytes- (B-cells) flag pathogens
T Lymphocytes- (T-cells) directly destroys pathogen. (blows it up) |
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Leukemia
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Body produces a large # of WBC
These WBC are immature so they do not fight disease They fill the red bone marrow and prevent RBC production This cause anemia Chemotherapy is used as a treatment |
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Platelets
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Fragments of certain large cells the red bone marrow
Involved in blood clotting |
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blood clotting
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a.k.a. coagulation
12 factors needed to clot blood A blood vessel breaks Platelets form a plug Protien fibers in the plasma also help plug the vessel as well RBC get caught in the fibers Hemophiliacs cannot form blood clots |
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What is the source of RBC
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multipotent stem cells-> myeloid stem cells-> erythroblasts-> erythrocytes
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What is the source of platelets?
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multipotent stem cells-> myeloid stem cells-> megakaryoblasts-> megakaryocytes-> thrombocytes
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What is the source of WBC (2 different)
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multipotent stem cells-> myeloid stem cells-> myeloblasts-> basophils/eosinophils/neutrophils
multipotent stem cells-> myeloid stem cells-> monoblasts-> monocytes |
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Plasma
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Mainly water (90%)
Proteins in the plasma... -Take up and release H+ keeping blood pH~7.4 -Maintain osmotic pressure which keeps water in the blood -Transport substances like cholesterol -Fight disease (these proteins are called antibodies) -Clot blood |
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Blood Types
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Antigens present on the RBC determine our blood type (Antigens-proteins specific to body)
-A blood- A antigens -B blood- B antigens -AB blood - A&B antigens -O blood- no antigens |
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Rh factor
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-Rh+ -> have this particular Rh antigen on your RBC (85% of human population)
-Rh- -> do not have Rh antigen on your RBC **you must be exposed to Rh antigen before your body will produce anti-Rh antibodies |
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Hemolytic disease of the newborn
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Chils is Rh positive; mother is Rh negative
Red blood cells leak across placenta Mother makes anti-Rh antibodies Antibodies attack Rh poistive red blood cells in child |