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32 Cards in this Set

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Blood composition
45% of blood volume is made up of RBC, WBC, and platelets (the Formed elements)

55% is made up of plasma
What is plasma composed of?
90% water
8% plasma proteins
Less than 1% is salts
Rest is made up of gases (O2, CO2), nutrients, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, and vitamins.
What is the function of Blood?
*Tranport
-RBC transport O2, remove CO2 from tissues, and carry nitrogenous wastes from liver to kidney
-plasma- nutrients and hormones to tissues

*Defense
-WBC fight pathogens and platelets clot the blood

*Regulation
-Plasma maintains body temp. and blood pH
Define pathogens.
microscopic infectious agents
Describe Red Blood Cells
*Small
*Found exclusively in blood
*Biconcave
*Conatins millions of molecules called HEMOGLOBIN
(1 cell contains 200 million hemolobin molecule)
Hemoglobin
Respiratory pigments molecule that binds with oxygen; red in color

One RBC contains about 200 million hemo. molecules

The iron containing portion of hemoglobin (heme) carries O2 to our cells

Gives blood the red color when oxygenated

The O2 is used during cellular respiration to produce ATP
Where are RBCs produced?
Infants produce RBC in all spongy bones

Adults produce RBC in the skull, sternum, vertebrae, and ilium, only. (All in the core)
Life of the RBCs
Lose their nuclei as they mature so that more hemoglobin can fit inside

Live ~120 days so new RBC are constantly being made by red bone marrow
Production/destruction of RBC
As RBC age, they are destroyed in the live and spleen

When O2 levels in the blood drop, the kidneys and liver secrete a hormone that stimulates production of RBC
Definition of anemia
Inefficiency in the oxygen carrying ability of blood due to a shortage of hemoglobin
or not enough iron in hemoglobin
or not making enough RBC
What is anemia caused by?
-Low # of RBC
-Low hemoglobin level b/c of inadequate supply iron or folic acid
-Inability to absorb B12 from large intestine which is needed to form RBC
Increased rate of RBC destruction
Hemolysis
Sickle shaped RBC- Sickle cell disease
Define hemolysis
rupturing of RBC
Function of WBC
*IMMUNITY
Fight infection-pathogens
Unlike RBC, able to leave the capillaries and enter our tissues
Many types of cells-some live for days, other live for months or years
White Blood Cells
Also called Leukocytes
Larger
Have a nucleus - varies in shape (survive longer)
Lack hemoglobin b/c no bond w/ oxygen
Not as numerous in the body (increased in numbers only during times of infection)
2 types: Granular & Agranular
Granular Leukocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranular leukocytes
Lymphocytes, monocytes
Neutrophils
most abundant; 1st to respond to an infection; multilobed nucleus; granules are neutral in color
Eosinophils
Bilobed nucleus; large abundant red granules; function unknown BUT numbers increase when a parasitic worm or an allergic rxn is present
Basophils
U shaped or lobed nucleus; granules are dark blue ; become MAST cells that release chemicals that dialite by and cause smooth muscle contraction.
Monocytes
largest WBC; various functions; engulf
Lymphocytes
responsible for specific immunity; have memory
2 subtypes
What are the subtypes of Lymphocytes?
B Lymphocytes- (B-cells) flag pathogens

T Lymphocytes- (T-cells) directly destroys pathogen. (blows it up)
Leukemia
Body produces a large # of WBC
These WBC are immature so they do not fight disease
They fill the red bone marrow and prevent RBC production
This cause anemia
Chemotherapy is used as a treatment
Platelets
Fragments of certain large cells the red bone marrow
Involved in blood clotting
blood clotting
a.k.a. coagulation
12 factors needed to clot blood
A blood vessel breaks
Platelets form a plug
Protien fibers in the plasma also help plug the vessel as well
RBC get caught in the fibers

Hemophiliacs cannot form blood clots
What is the source of RBC
multipotent stem cells-> myeloid stem cells-> erythroblasts-> erythrocytes
What is the source of platelets?
multipotent stem cells-> myeloid stem cells-> megakaryoblasts-> megakaryocytes-> thrombocytes
What is the source of WBC (2 different)
multipotent stem cells-> myeloid stem cells-> myeloblasts-> basophils/eosinophils/neutrophils

multipotent stem cells-> myeloid stem cells-> monoblasts-> monocytes
Plasma
Mainly water (90%)
Proteins in the plasma...
-Take up and release H+ keeping blood pH~7.4
-Maintain osmotic pressure which keeps water in the blood
-Transport substances like cholesterol
-Fight disease (these proteins are called antibodies)
-Clot blood
Blood Types
Antigens present on the RBC determine our blood type (Antigens-proteins specific to body)
-A blood- A antigens
-B blood- B antigens
-AB blood - A&B antigens
-O blood- no antigens
Rh factor
-Rh+ -> have this particular Rh antigen on your RBC (85% of human population)
-Rh- -> do not have Rh antigen on your RBC

**you must be exposed to Rh antigen before your body will produce anti-Rh antibodies
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Chils is Rh positive; mother is Rh negative

Red blood cells leak across placenta

Mother makes anti-Rh antibodies

Antibodies attack Rh poistive red blood cells in child