Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is blood composed of?
|
Blood is a vascular connective tissue composed of 55% plasma matrix and 45% cells.
|
|
|
What are the three functions of blood?
|
1. Transportation and Distribution
2. Regulatory processes 3. Protection |
|
|
How does blood function in transportation and distribution?
|
-Brings o2 and other nutrients to tissues (think of ATP)
-Carries co2 and other waste products from tissues -Carries hormones both to and from tissues |
|
|
Regulatory processes of blood?
|
Temperature, pH, fluid volume
|
|
|
Protective fxns of blood?
|
Clotting, immunity, prevent and fight infection
|
|
|
Viscosity of blood?
|
3.5-5 times more viscous than h2o
|
|
|
Specific gravity of blood?
|
blood's specific gravity is slightly greater than h2o
|
|
|
What color is arterial blood? Why?
|
Bright red due to o2 binding to a pigment in hgb. Oxyhemoglobin.
|
|
|
Which direction does arterial blood flow? What is the exception?
|
Arterial blood carries oxygenated blood away from the heart. Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away.
|
|
|
What color is venous blood? Why?
|
Dark red, o2 does not bind to hgb's pigment- deoxyhemoglobin.
co2 binds to a pigment in hgb- carbaminohemoglobin. |
|
|
Which way does venous blood flow? What is the exception?
|
Venous blood carries deoxygenated blood to the heart. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood to the heart.
|
|
|
What is the normal pH of blood?
|
7.35-7.45
|
|
|
Is venous blood basic or acidic? Why?
|
Slightly more acidic d/t presence of carbonic acid (h2co3)
|
|
|
Is arterial blood basic or acidic? Why?
|
Slightly more basic. Less h2co3 present.
|
|
|
How many liters of blood are present in the human body?
|
5-6 liters in the normal male, 4-5 liters in the normal female.
|
|
|
What does hematocrit measure?
|
% of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the total volume of a blood sample.
|
|
|
What is the normal value of hct?
|
About 47% (+/- 5%) in males and 42% (+/-5%) in females.
|
|
|
What is plasma composed of?
|
90% h20, 8% plasma proteins, 2% other solutes
|
|
|
What are the three types of plasma proteins?
|
60% albumin: maintains osmotic pressure of blood
36% globulins (alpha, beta, gamma) 4% cloting factors |
|
|
What are the other solutes in plasma?
|
electrolytes, respiratory gases, wastes (uric acid), nutrients (lipids, glucose), others
|
|
|
What are the functions of alpha and beta-globulins?
|
Transport lipids and vitamins
|
|
|
What is the function of gamma-globulin?
|
Needed for antibody formation
|
|
|
What is the normal value of erythrocytes?
|
RBC count= 4-6 million/mm3
|
|
|
What is the normal value of leukocytes?
|
WBC count= 5,000-11,000/mm3
|
|
|
What is the normal value of thrombocytes?
|
Platelet count= 150,000-400,000/mm3
|
|
|
What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?
|
About 120 days.
|
|
|
What is the fxn of an erythrocyte?
|
Exchanges respiratory gases.
Transport o2 from the lungs to the heart to the body tissues. Transport co2 from body's tissues to the heart to the lungs. |
|
|
Describe the shape of a red blood cell.
|
Biconcave disk, greater surface area for a greater amount of gas exchange. Allows greater flexibility for movement through small blood vessels.
|
|
|
How big is a red blood cell?
|
About 7.5 micrometers X2.5 um
|
|
|
Why doesn't a RBC have a nucleus?
|
More space to hold hgb.
|
|
|
What is Hgb? What is it's fxn?
|
A globular protein, binds to and transports respiratory gases.
|
|
|
What is the normal lab value of Hgb?
|
12-18 g/dL of blood.
250 million Hgb molecules per one RBC. |
|
|
What is Hgb composed of?
|
95% globulin chains
(4 chains of amino acids. alpha-1, alpha-2 have 141 amino acids each; beta-1, beta-2 have 146) 5% heme groups |
|
|
What is the formation of RBCs called?
|
Erythropoiesis or hematopoiesis
|
|
|
Describe the formation of RBCs.
|
Hematopoietic stem cells (HEMOCYTOBLASTS) differentiate into ERYTHROBLAST (has a nucleus, mitosis, synthesizes Hgb) which differentiates into a NORMOBLAST (accumulates Hgb, ejects organelles + nucleus) differentiates to RETICULOCYTE (has ribosomal remnants, leaves bone marrow to enter bloodstream, loses remnants in 1-2 days) differentiates into an ERYTHROCYTE.
|
|
|
What is a normal reticulocyte count?
|
1.0-2.0% of all RBCs.
|
|
|
How is the rate of erythropoiesis controlled?
|
Negative feedback mechanism (response reverses stimulus)
|
|
|
What is needed in one's diet for RBC production?
|
b-complex vitamins (b12 and folate) for DNA synthesis in an erythroblast as well as iron and amino acids for Hgb synthesis.
|
|
|
How are damaged/dead RBCs eliminated?
|
Engulfed by macrophages. Phagocytosis in the liver and spleen. Recycled in the liver.
|
|
|
What is the most common type of anemia?
|
Iron deficiency anemia- can't synthesize heme
|
|
|
Protein deficiency anemia?
|
Decreased Hgb production, can't synthesize globin chains.
|
|
|
Folic acid deficiency anemia?
|
Decreased RBCs, abnormal DNA synthesis within the erythroblast, no erythroblast mitosis increases the size of RBCs.
|
|
|
B12 deficiency/pernicious anemia?
|
Decreased RBCs,abnormal DNA synthesis within the erythroblast, no erythroblast mitosis increases the size of RBCs.
|
|
|
Aplastic anemia?
|
Decreased RBCs,Red bone marrow abnormalcy, decreased production of all blood cells.
|
|
|
Hemolytic anemia?
|
Physical destruction of RBCs.
|
|
|
Chemically induced anemia?
|
Chemotherapy, induces hemolytic anemia.
|
|
|
Bleeding induced anemia?
|
Hemorrhagic anemia.
|
|
|
Abnormal production of Hgb?
|
Sickle cell anemia. Caused by a single amino acid substitution.
|
|
|
Abnormal production of RBCs?
|
Oval, elliptical or other shape
|
|
|
How is anemia treated?
|
Treat the underlying etiology.
|
|
|
What is polycythemia?
|
Increased # of RBCs- increases viscosity and blood pressure. Slower carrying of o2 leads to cyanosis.
|
|
|
What is primary polycythemia?
|
Polycythemia caused by a bone marrow malignancy/CA.
|
|
|
What is secondary polycythemia?
|
Physiologic compensatory increase in the # of RBCs d/t o2 demands not being met (high altitude, increased exercise, COPD)
Blood doping is artificially induced secondary polycythemia. |
|
|
What is the function of leukocytes?
|
WBCs provide defense, protection, and immunity via phagocytosis, Ab production, and other immune responses.
|
|
|
How are WBCs formed?
|
Leukopoiesis.
Hemocytoblast differentiate into lymphoid stem cell which create lymphocytes and/or myeloid stem cells which create the other four wbcs. |
|
|
What are the granulocytes?
|
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
|
|
|
Describe a neutrophil.
|
50-70% of all WBCs.
Nucleus: multilobed; 2-5 lobes sausage-linked. Polymorphonuclear WBCs. Granules: pink->blue/black Function: A phagocyte mainly against bacteria (pus=dead microorganisms and dead PMNs) |
|
|
What is diapedesis?
|
A phagocyte can squeeze out of a blood vessel and enter tissue spaces AKA interstitial spaces.
|
|
|
Describe an eosinophil.
|
2-4% of all WBCs.
Nucleus: bilobed Granules: (classic) stain orange->deep red Fxn: phagocyte against parasitic infections. |
|
|
Describe a basophil.
|
0.5-1% of all WBCs.
Nucleus: bilobed Granules: large, stain dark blue, purple. Function: granules contain many chemicals such as heparin, histamine, and serotonin. |
|
|
What are the agranulocytes?
|
Monocytes and lymphocytes.
|
|
|
Describe a monocyte.
|
3-8% of all WBCs.
Size: largest WBC (2x > than other WBCs, 4x>than RBCs) Nucleus: usually single, large, kidney shaped. Lifespan: weeks to months Fxn: Long-term phagocyte mainly against bacteria, After diapedesis a monocyte enlarges 5-10x and is termed a MACROPHAGE. |
|
|
Describe a lymphocyte.
|
25-45% of all WBCs.
Size: slightly larger than a RBC. Nucleus: large and round. takes up nearly all the cell. Lifespan: years Fxn: NOT phagocytes. |
|
|
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
|
B and T cell lymphocytes.
B cell- matures in Bone Marrow. Produces abs and will later differentiate to become a plasma cell which secretes the abs. T cells- leaves bone marrow to mature in the Thymus gland (and other lymphoid tissue) and then becomes involved with the cellular immune response. |
|
|
What makes up the total WBC count?
|
Sum of all 5 different types of WBCs. Adult=5,000-11,000/mm3 (child is slightly higher).
|
|
|
WBC differential count?
|
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas.
Neutrophil-50-70% Lymphocyte- 25-45% Monocyte- 3-8% Eosinophil- 2-4% Basophil- 0.5-1% |
|
|
Define leukocytosis.
|
Etiology- a bacterial infection.
WBC between 11,000-50,000/mm3 |
|
|
Define leukopenia.
|
Etiology- BM shutdown, chemotherapy, immunotherapy.
WBC count <5,000/mm3 |
|
|
Define leukemia.
|
Etiology: CA
A very large increase in WBC count. >50,000mm/3 |
|
|
Define infectious mononucleosis.
|
Increased number of atypical agranulocytes.
|
|
|
Characteristics of platelets
|
Size: <1/2 a RBC
Lifespan: 5-10 days Nucleus: anuclear Contains granules that store chemicals. |
|
|
Fxns of platelets in clotting?
|
Seal breaks in damaged and broken blood vessels by undergoing morphological changes to create a platelet plug.
adhesion: platelets adhere to damaged endothelium. aggregation- clump to each other. ASA inhibits this. |
|
|
Platelets releasing chemicals?
|
Serotonin, Thromboxane- vasoconstriction, decreases blood flow
Platelet factors initiate coagulation. Includes growth factors, healing factors... |
|
|
Normal platelet count?
|
150,000-400,000/mm3
|
|
|
Define thrombocytosis.
|
An increased platelet count, >400,000/mm3
etiology: polycythemia, certain anemias. |
|
|
Define thrombocytopenia.
|
Decreased platelet count, <150,000/mm3
Etiology: immune disorders, acute leukemia. |
|
|
What does a platelet count <50,000/mm3 indicate?
|
Spontaneous bleeding.
|
|
|
Define hemostasis.
|
The stoppage of bleeding. A 3 part mechanism.
|
|
|
What are the three parts of hemostasis?
|
1. Blood vessel spasm
2. Platelet plug formation 3. Blood coagulation |
|
|
Describe the extrinsic clotting mechanism.
|
Activated by trauma external to the blood vessel's inner wall. A clot must form rapidly (15 seconds).
|
|
|
Describe the intrinsic clotting mechanism.
|
Activated by trauma internal to the blood vessel's inner wall (i.e. a thrombus) a clot forms slowly (2-6 minutes)
|
|
|
Define fibrinolysis.
|
When plasminogen is absorbed and activated by the clot to form plasmin which breaks fown the fibrin clot.
|
|
|
Define thrombus.
|
Abnormal formation of a stationary blood clot within a blood vessel.
|
|
|
Define embolus.
|
All or part of the thrombus breaks off and is carried by blood.
|
|
|
What is an antigen?
|
A glycoprotein on the surface of a RBC.
|
|
|
Blood type A has which antigen?
|
Ag-A
|
|
|
Blood type A has which antibody?
|
Ab-B
|
|
|
Blood type B has which antigen?
|
Ag-B
|
|
|
Blood type B has which antibody?
|
Ab-B
|
|
|
Blood type AB has which antigen?
|
Ag-A and Ag-B
|
|
|
Blood type AB has which antibody?
|
No antibodies.
|
|
|
Blood type O has which antigen?
|
No antigens.
|
|
|
Blood type O has which antibodies?
|
Ab-A, Ab-B
|
|
|
Which factors are most important for a safe transfusion?
|
Concerned with donor's ags and recipients abs.
|
|
|
What does an RH + blood type indicate?
|
That the pt has Ag-D. They will never have Ab-D.
|
|
|
Is Ab-D spontaneously formed in RH- blood?
|
No.
|
|
|
What is present in RH-u blood?
|
Nothing; has never been exposed to rh+ blood to form ab-d
|
|
|
What is present in RH-s blood?
|
Ab-D
|
