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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the composition of Plasma?
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90% water
10% other --> 7% proteins, 1%inorganic salts, 2% organic compunds |
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what is the difference between serum and plasma?
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if blood is collected without an anticoagulant and clots, the liquid portion is called serum bc it does not contain clotting factors. If blood is collected with an anticoagulant, the liquid a the top is called plasma.
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what is the hematocrit?
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packed cell volume (PCV) or erythrocyte volume fraction (EVF) is the volume percentage (%) of red blood cells in blood. It is normally about 45% for men and 40% for women
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why is a blood stain pink?
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Hemoglobin is basic, so acidophilic.
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How many RBCs in the human body?
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approx 5 million per microliter
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How big is an erythrocyte
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around 7 micrometers.
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what is oxyhemoglobin? carbaminohemoglobin?
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- hemoglobin + O2
- hemoglobin + Co2 |
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what is a normal white blood cell count?
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6000-10000 per microliter (think 5 million rbc, 5000 wbc).
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what are the granulocytes?
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neutrophils, eosinophols, basophils.
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what are the mononuclear agranulocytes?
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lymphocytes, monocytes.
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How common are each of the 5 white cell types?
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NLMEB:
Neutrophils 50-70% Lymphocytes 20-30% Monocytes 3-8% Eosinophils 2-4% Basophils 0-1% |
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describe neutrophoil size, function, & lifespan.
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twice the size of erythrocyte (so 12-15 microm), phagocytosis, 1-2 days.
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describe eosinophil appearance size, function, & lifespan.
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pink! large granules, bi-lobed nucleus. same size as neutrophils. Kill protozoa and parasites, moderate allergic reactions. 3-8 hours.
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Tell me about Basophils.
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Least common wbc <1%
Around same size as neutrophils. The major identifying characteristic is the presence of large granules (purplish) that can obscure the irregularly-lobed nucleus. - Activated in inflammatory & hypersensitivity reactions Exposure to allergen -degranulation (anaphylaxis, hives) |
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What are basophil granules made of?
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- heparin sulfate
- histamine - leukotriene 3 |
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where do lymphocytes mature?
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Both made in bone marrow --> b cells mature in the bone marrow, T cells mature in the Thymus.
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How big are lymphocytes? what do they do?
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- A lymphocyte nucleus should be the same size as a RBC.
- adaptive immune response. |
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How big are monocytes? what do they do?
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biggest wbc - 12-20 m.
Monocytes enter the connective tissue, where they become macrophages. Functions: phagocytosis, production of cytokines, antigen presentation. |
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what are platelets?
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Platelets (thrombocytes) are anucleate, disk-like fragments 2-4micrometers in diameter. They originate as
fragments of megakaryocytes (giant polyploid cells). Main function is in promoting blood clotting. Normal platelet count is 100,000-400,000 per microliter. Lifespan is 7-10 days. |
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what is polycythemia?
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An increased number of red cells (also called polycythemia). May be due to
physiological adaptation (e.g. high altitudes). |
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What is anemia?
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a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood due to a decrease in the number
of RBCs OR to a decreased amount of hemoglobin in RBCs. |
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Define: macrocytosis, microcytosis, anisocytosis
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RBCs too big, too small, varied in size.
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what is the AA change in sicle cell anemia?
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one valine replaces one glutamate on the beta chain.
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Normal RBC lifespan versus sicle cell RBC lifespan?
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120 days vs 10-20 days.
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What is the presentation of CO poisoning? Why is CO bad?
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Cherry red skin. CO binds Hb 200x more tightly than O2.
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What binds the spectrin/actin web to RBC membrane?
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- band 3
- ankyrin - band 4 |
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what happens if something's wrong with the spectrin?
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spherocytosis - RBCs are spherical so more vulnerable to destruction to splenic macrophages. Causes anemia. Recognize cells because they have no central pallor.
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where is blood made in adults?
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marrow of axial skeleton
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where is blood made at birth?
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all bones - distal and axial.
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where is blood made in the fetus?
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- Yolk sack to 3 months
- liver and spleen 2-almost 9 months - all bones starting around 4 months. |
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describe steps of hematopoiesis for RBC
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Proerythroblast
- Basophilic erythroblast - Polychromatophilic erythroblast - Orthochromatophilic erythroblast - Reticulocyte - Mature Rbc ps. this cannot possibly be high yield. /sk |
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Should you ever see orthochromatophilic erythroblasts in a blood smear? how about reticulocytes?
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No! Yes! (reticulocytes are about 1% of rbcs)
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How long does it take to make a mature erythrocyte?
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approx 1 week.
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what are megakaryocytes?
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Megakaryocytes are the largest cells in the bone marrow. Multi-nucleate. They produce platelets by fragmentation of their cytoplasm.
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Here are some growth factors. Name what they stimulate:
1. Interleukin 3 (IL-3) 2. Erythropoietin (EPO) |
1. IL-3 stimulates the differentiation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (myeloid cells) into lymphoid progenitor cells.
2. stimulates red blood cell formation. |
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What are Howell-Jolly bodies?
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Basophilic nuclear (small purple dots) remnants in circulating erythrocytes. These bodies are small fragments of residual DNA. During maturation in the bone marrow, erythrocytes normally expel their nuclei, but in some cases a small amount of DNA remains, which are normally pitted out by the spleen. However, a person who is
asplenic may have Howell-Jolly bodies on their peripheral smear because there is no spleen to remove the remnants. |
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How can you tell the difference between a bone marrow biopsy and aspirate?
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The biopsy will show sections of trabecular bone. Aspirate will just have cells and adipocytes.
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