Blood Banking Lab Glossary Of Terms

Front 1

Fluid obtained from a cyst of a dog tapeworm which can be a source of P1 substance and therefore can be used to neutralize anti-P1

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Hydatid cyst

Front 2

Nonpenetrating cryoprotective agent added to protect cells against damage

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Hydroxyethyl starch (HES)

Front 3

Decrease in body temperature

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Hypothermia

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Reaction of the body to respond and recognize foreign substances

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Immune response

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Immunologic reaction induced by initial exposure to the antigens

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Primary immune response

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Immunologic reaction induced following a second exposure to an antigen

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Secondary immune response

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Secondary immune response is also known as

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Anamnestic response

Front 8

In reference to glycoprotein or glycolipid antigens, it is the sugar molecule that gives the antigen its specificity or identifies it uniquely

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Immunodominant sugar

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Any substance capable of stimulating an immune response

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Immunogen

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H antigen specificity

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L-fucose

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A antigen specificity

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N-acetyl-D-galactosamine

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B antigen specificity

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D-galactose

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Ability of an antigen to stimulate an antibody response

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Immunogenicity

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A.K.A. "Antibody"

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Immunoglobulin

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Study of blood-related antigens and antibodies

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Immunohematology

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Rare dominant gene that inhibits production of all Lutheran agents

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In Lu

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Presence of agglutination or hemolysis in compatibility testing

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Incompatible

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While the fetus is in the uterus

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In utero

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The in vitro reaction in which under certain condition of time and temperature allow antigen-antibody complex to occur

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Incubation

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Random behavior of genes on separate chromosome inherited separately from each other

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Independent assortment

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Passing of one gene from each parent to the offspring

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Independent segregation

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Transfusion administered to a fetus while still in the uterus

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Intrauterine transfusion

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Number of charged particles in a solution

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Ionic strength

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Gamma or electron treatment of a cellular blood product to prevent transfusion associated graft-vs-host disease (TA-GVHD)

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Irradiation

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Condition characterized by a yellow appearance of the skin, sclera of the eyes and body secretions caused by increased bilirubin level

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Jaundice

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Condition due to increase in conjugated bilirubin

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Kernicterus

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Test performed on a maternal blood specimen to detect fetal maternal hemorrhage

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Kleihauer-Betke Acid Elution Test

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ABO antibodies are present in plasma/serum when the corresponding ABO blood antigens are not present on the erythrocytes

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Landsteiner law

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Combination of ANTIBODY and a MULTIVALENT ANTIGEN to form cross links and result in a visible agglutination reaction

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Lattice formation

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Seed extract capable of agglutination red cells carrying the corresponding antigen

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Lectin

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Agglutinate red cells with M antigen (Anti-M)

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Iberis amara

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Agglutinate red cells with A1 antigen (Anti-A1)

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Dolichos biflorus

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Agglutinate red cells with N antigen (Anti-N)

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Vicia graminea

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Agglutinate red cells with T antigen (Anti-T)

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Arachis hypogea

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Agglutinate red cells with H antigen (Anti-H)

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Ulex europaeus

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Agglutinate red cells with Tn antigen (Anti-Tn)

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Salvia sclaera

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Graph used to predict severity of HDN during pregnancy by evaluation of amniotic fluid

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Liley graph

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Liley graph: Zone I

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Mild or no disease

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Liley graph: Zone II

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Moderate disease

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Liley graph: Zone III

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Severe and life threatening hemolysis

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Location of a gene on a chromosome

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Locus

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Abnormal presence of high molecular weight immunoglobulins

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Macroglobulinemia

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Replacement of one or more blood volumes within 24 hour interval

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Massive transfusion

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Common drug used for hypertension; Frequently the cause of positive DAT

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Methyl dopa (Aldomet)

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Type of agglutination pattern where a population of the red cells has agglutinated and the remainder of the red cells are not agglutinated

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Mixed field agglutination

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Manner by which a gene is passed from one generation to another

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Mode of inheritance

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A trait that appears when the gene that has been inherited can be found in each generation occurs with equal frequency in males and females (Give an example)

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Autosomal dominant

Ex. Most blood group system

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Trait manifested by people who are homozygous for the alleles. Both parents who do not express the trait may be carrier or heterozygous for the recessive allele (Give an example)

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Autosomal recessive

Ex. Rh negative (dd), Lu (a-b-), Bombay phenotype

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Traits transmitted to all daughters of affected father but not to sons. (Give an example)

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Sex-Linked Dominant

Ex. Xga blood group

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Trait appears much more frequently in males than in females due to inheritance from carrier mothers (Give an example)

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Sex-Linked Recessive

Ex. Hemophilia A

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Antigen composed of several units or subpart such as the Rho (D) antigen

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Mosaic (D^u variant)

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1. D antigen with complete subpart

2. D antigen with missing A-subpart

3. D antigen with missing B-subpart

4. D antigen with missing C-subpart

5. D antigen with missing D-subpart

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1. Rh ABCD

2. Rh aBCD

3. Rh AbCD

4. Rh ABcD

5. Rh ABCd

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A woman having borne more than one child

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Multiparous

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Malignant neoplasm of the bone marrow characterized by abnormal proteins in the plasma and urine

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Multiple myeloma

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Fusion of a malignant and normal cell that produces large quantities of monoclonal antibodies

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Murine Hybridoma

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Group of sugars found on the RBC membrane attached to a protein backbone; major source of the membrane's negative charge

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NANA (Sialic acid)

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1. Relating to birth

a. Before

b. After

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1. Natal

a. Prenatal

b. Postnatal

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Newborn infant up to 4 months in age

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Neonate

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Enzyme that cleaves sialic acid from the RBC membrane

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Neuraminidase

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- A.K.A. "Agglutination-Inhibition"

- Absence of agglutination due to the inability of an antibody to react with red cell antigen because of previously bound soluble substance

- Principle in SALIVA TESTING

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Neutralization

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Basic building blocks of DNA which is composed of a phosphate group, a sugar group and a base

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Nucleotide

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Any individual who fails to express any antigens on RBCs

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Null phenotype

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Chemical compound formed by a small no. of simple CHO molecules

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Oligosaccharide chain

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Required temp in celsius by which the antibody is most reactive

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Optimum temperature

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Optimum temperature: IgM cold reactive antibody

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- 1-6 °C / 20-24 °C

- Cold temp. or room temp.

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Optimum temparature: IgG warm reacting antibody

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- 37 °C

- Warm temp.

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Spontaneous RBC clumping against a given serum

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Panagglutination

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Group O reagent RBCs used for antibody identification

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Panel cell

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A woman who had at least one pregnancy

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Primiparous

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Type of cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia in which a biphasic IgG antibody can be demonstrated with anti-P specificity

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Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria

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D antigen that is missing part of its typical antigenic structure

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Partial D

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The chance that the alleged father is the biological father

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Paternity index

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Diagrammatic chart used for illustrating the inheritance patterns off traits in a family study

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Pedigree chart

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Detectable characteristics of genes

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Phenotype

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Initial treatment of elevated bilirubin using lights

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Phototherapy

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Extra blood sample collected during whole blood donation from a donor which is intended for serological test

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Pilot tube

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Fibrinogen-containing liquid portion of anticoagulated blood; it can be used as a specimen for backward typing to detect antibodies however might present problem because it can bring about ROULEAUX formation

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Plasma

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Plasma prepared from a whole blood subjected to heavy spin which allow platelet sedimentation leaving a plasma almost free of platelets

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Platelet poor plasma

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Plasma prepared from a whole blood subjected to soft spin which allow platelet sedimentation leaving a plasma that contains high number of platelets

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Platelet rich plasma

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Products that are transfused in patients suffering from hypovolemia (low plasma volume) or indicated among burn and shock patients

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Plasma volume expander

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Volume expander: NSA and PPF

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Plasma derived volume expander

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NSA

- Acronym

- ALB/GLOB %

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NSA

- Normal serum albumin

- 96% ALB + 4% GLOB

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PPF

- Acronym

- ALB/GLOB %

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PPF

- Plasma protein fraction

- 83% ALB + 17% GLOB

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Volume expander: Crystalloids and Colloids

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Synthetic volume expander

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Crystalloids (+ composition of each)

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- Ringer's lactate (Na, Cl, K, Ca, lactate ions)

- NSS (0.85%-0.9% NaCl)

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Colloids

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- Dextran

- Hydroxyethyl starch

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Dextran percentage

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6%-10%

Front 88

Inability of patient to respond favorably after platelet transfusion thus the desired increment in platelet is not achieved

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Platelet refractoriness

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Spontaneous RBC agglutination by most normal adult sera regardless of blood group

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Polyagglutination

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Blood group system showing several allelic forms therefore rendering more than one alternative phenotype

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Polymorphism

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After child birth

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Post partum

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After transfusion

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Post transfusion

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Relative strength of an antibody present in a given antiserum usually expressed in TITER (i.e. Anti-A and Anti-B required potency: 1:256)

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Potency

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Any substance that enhances antigen-antibody interaction from a given cell-serum mixture which may be used to detect low-titered antibodies in routine testing

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Potentiator

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Types of potentiator

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1. LISS (Low Ionic Strength Saline Solution)

2. Polybrene

3. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)

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- 0.2% NaCl in glycine

- This medium has lower ionic strength that increases the rate of Ab assocation

- Incubation may be shortened to 5-15 minutes if this medium is used

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LISS (Low Ionic Strength Saline Solution)

Front 97

- (+) charged polymer that reduces zeta potential by neutralizing the (-) charge in red cell. It is useful in the identification of Ab's in the Kidd blood group system

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Polybrene

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Enhances antigen-antibody rxn by concentrating Ab in the mixture through H2O removal

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Polyethylene glycol (PEG)

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In genetics, this refers to a 2X2 grid used for gene combination

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Punnett square

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System of procedures that ensures a laboratory to operate with the most minimal errors

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Quality assurance

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Close monitoring of lab operations to allow maximum test result reliability

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Quality control

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In transfusion medicine, refers to a person who benefits and receives blood transfusion

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Recipient

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Required speed in a given time to sediment particles from a fluid mixture; calculated as _______

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Relative centrifugal force (RCF)

Calculated as 1.118x10^5 x radius x (rpm)^2

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- Disease of unknown cause most frequently seen among premature infants characterized primarily by acute difficulty in breathing

- Former name of this disease is _________

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Respiratory distress syndrome

A.K.A. "Hyaline membrane disease"

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Synonym for antigens in the Rh blood group system

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Rh factor

Front 106

Concentrated and purified anti-D given as a prophylactic or preventive treatment to Rh (-) person who is exposed to D-antigen either through pregnancy or blood transfusion. Each vial of 300 micrograms of RhIg protects against 30 ml fetal whole blood or 15 ml of packed cells

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Rh immune globulin (RhIg)

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Inherited characteristic showing decrease in expression of Rh antigens

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Rhmod

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Phenotype of a person who suffers from anemia and whose red cells do not express any Rh antigens

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Rhnull

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Used to determine fetomaternal hemorrhage based on the ability of fetal cells to aggregate around indicator cells (0.2%-0.5% O-cell suspension, R2R2 RBC)

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Rosette test

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Group of red cells whose appearance resembles stacks of coins associated with the use of plasma expanders or presence of abnormal plasma proteins

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Rouleaux formation

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- Procedure used to determine blood group soluble substances

- This test is useful in estabilishing real blood group if the expression is so weak to be detected by routine cell typing

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Saliva testing

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The saliva test divides persons into what 2 categories

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Secretor and Non secretor

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Acquired the Se gene either homozygously (SeSe) or heterozygously (Sese) and is capable of producing ABH substances in secretions

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Secretor

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Does not inherit the Se gene (sese) and is capable of producing ABH substances in secretions

Back 114

Non secretor

Front 115

1. Method of getting a sample of an individual

a. Samples collected PRIOR blood transf.

b. Samples collected AFTER blood transf.

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1. Sampling

a. Pre transfusion sampling

b. Post transfusion sampling

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Additional blood bag attached to the primary bag generally intended for component preparation

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Satellite bags

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Group "O" cells with complete profile of antigens used in antibody detection

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Screening cells

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Process of allowing interaction or attachment of an incomplete antibody to red cell antigen but no subsequent agglutination reaction seen

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Sensitization

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Two types of sensitization

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In vitro and in vivo

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Attachment of a serum antibody to red cell antigen, done in a tube

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In vitro sensitization

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Attachment of a serum antibody to red cell antigen, happens intravascularly

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In vivo sensitization

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Systemic disease caused by the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the body; presence of microbes in blood

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Septicemia

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Yellowish liquid portion of blood after clotting or centrifugation which can also be used as a source of antibody

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Serum

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Refers to the required drops of serum to mix with certain drops of red cell suspension to achieve greater reactivity

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Serum to cell ratio

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Drop 2 drops of serum to 1 drop 5% red cell suspension

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40:1 ratio

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Drop 4 drops of serum to 1 drop 3% red cell suspension

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133:1 ratio

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In transfusion medicine, refers to the length of time when blood can still be used before it expires; usually related to the type of anticoagulant used

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Shelf life (Expiration date)

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21 days after collection

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ACD, CPD, CP2D

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35 days after collection

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CPDA-1

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Severe physiologic reaction to trauma characterized by pallor, cyanosis, weak rapid pulse, low BP which leads to unconsciousness

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Shock

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Chemical preservative used in commercial typing sera to prevent bacterial contamination

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Sodium azide (0.1%)

Front 132

Characteristic of an antibody to react with cell expressing the corresponding antigen only

(i.e. Anti-A will react to A-antigen only)

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Specificity

Front 133

Biochemical changes happening on blood upon in vitro storage

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Storage lesion

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Antigens w/in the ABO group that are weakly expressed thus react less strongly with their corresponding antibody, often leads to ABO discrepancy

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Subgroup

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Boundary of the ionic cloud surrounding RBC in saline at which zeta potential is measured

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Surface of shear (Slipping plane)

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Brief loss of consciousness related to fainting

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Syncope

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- Removal of blood components for treatment purposes

- A.K.A. "Therapeutic Apharesis"

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Therapeutic phlebotomy

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- Used to disperse agglutination caused by cold reactive IgM autoantibodies

- Differentiate IgM from IgG antibodies

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Thiol reagent

Front 139

Give examples of thiol reagents

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1. DTT (Dithiothreitol)

2. 2-ME (2-mercaptoethanol)

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Reciprocal of the highest dilution that shows a visible reaction

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Titer

Front 141

Inherited characteristic based from gene action

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Trait

Front 142

Administration of blood or its component intravenously

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Transfusion

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Types of transfusion

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1. Autologous

2. Direct

3. Exchange

4. Indirect

5. Intrauterine

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Blood taken from a patient to be used for the same patient

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Autologous transfusion

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Transfer of blood directly from 1 person to another

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Direct transfusion

Front 146

- Infants with HDN

- Refers to withdrawal of small volume of blood and subsequent replacement with compatible blood

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Exchange transfusion

Front 147

Transfusion of blood stored in blood bag coming from a homologous donor

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Indirect transfusion

Front 148

Blood transfusion to fetus in utero

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Intrauterine transfusion

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Adverse reaction happening to a patient following transfusion of a unit of blood or its components

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Transfusion reaction

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Batch test that includes ABO, Rh and antibody screening test

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Type and screen (T/S)

Front 151

Set of guidelines developed to protect healthcare workers from exposure to infectious agents

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Universal precautions

Front 152

Vascular skin reaction commonly signaling allergic reaction

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Urticaria (Hives)

Front 153

Refers to Type O and Type AB individuals who are considered popularly as universal donor and recipient respectively

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Universality concept

Front 154

Ability of RBC to survive in vivo after transfusion

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Viability

Front 155

Plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by excessive production of gamma M globulin

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Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia

Front 156

Colorless crystalline compound widely used as an anticlotting drug; anticoagulant drug that acts by inhibiting synthesis of Vit. K dependent factors II, VII, IX and X

Back 156

Warfarin

Front 157

Warfarin acronym

Back 157

Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation + (Coum) arin

Front 158

Warfarin is A.K.A.

Back 158

1. Panwarfin

2. Sofarin

3. Coumadin

Front 159

Successive suspension of whole blood with NSS, centrifugation, and finally decanting completely the supernatant fluid. This is preferably done 3X to remove interfering substances which is present in plasma. This is widely used in the preparation of red cell suspension

Back 159

Washing

Front 160

Weaker variant of D-antigen that is detectable only through indirect antihuman globulin test

Back 160

Weak D (D^u)

Front 161

Weak D classification

Back 161

1. Hereditary D^u

2. Acquired D^u

3. D^u variant or Mosaic

Front 162

Weak D grade that does not require AHG for detection

Back 162

High grade

Front 163

Weak D grade that require AHG for detection

Back 163

Low grade

Front 164

Thick gelatinous substance rich in hyaluronic acid that make up the matrix of the umbilical cord

Back 164

Wharton's jelly

Front 165

Period of time when the disease is present but tested serologically negative

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Window period

Front 166

Soluble haptenic forms of A/B antigens capable of neutralizing their corresponding antibodies

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Witebsky substance

Front 167

Blood group whose genes are located in the X-chromosome; Xga antigen is seen in greatest frequency among females than males

Back 167

Xg blood group

Front 168

Net negative charge of red cell measured at the surface of the shear; if it is reduced, red cells tend to become closer to each other and therefore easier agglutination

Back 168

Zeta potential

Front 169

Reaction that is influenced by the amount of antigen and antibody from the cell-serum mixture; presence of either prozone or postzone often leads to false (-) result

Back 169

Zonal reaction

Front 170

Antibody excess, more serum is added

Back 170

Prozone

Front 171

Antigen excess, red cell suspension too heavy

Back 171

Postzone

Front 172

Zone of maximum, greatest reaction

Back 172

Equivalence zone

Front 173

Mixture of 0.1 M DTT + 0.1% cysteine-activated papain used to dissociate IgG mol. from RBCs showing a (+) DAT reaction

Back 173

ZZAP