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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plasma Proteins
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1. Albumin
2. Globulins 3. Fibrinogen 4. Complement Proteins |
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Albumin
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-synthesized in the liver
-maintains osmotic pressure -carrier for lipophilic substances |
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Globulins
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-alpha, beta, gamma
-gamma-globulins include Abs (synthesized by plasma cells) -non-immune globulins synthesized in the liver |
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Fibrinogen
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-synthesized in the liver
-essential for blood clotting -converted by blood-borne enzymes into fibrin |
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Blood Elements
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-Erythrocytes
-reticulocytes (imm. RBC) -Leukocytes -granulocytes -neutrophils, eosinophils, basophiles -platelets = thrombocytes |
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Erythrocytes
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-anucleate
-function in gas exchange -hemoglobin- o binding -no cellular organelles |
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Mature red blood cells
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-hemoglobin
-glycolytic enzymes -pm: rich in glycocalyx -Ags for A, B, O blood type -cytoskeletin: spectrin, actin, ankyrin, trompomyosin -lifespan = 120 days |
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spectrin
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present in cytoskeleton of mature red blood cells, and maintains biconcave shape
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Anisocytosis
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-RBCs vary in size
-macrocytosis: abnormally large RBC -microcytosis: abnormally small RBC |
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Leukocytes
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-WBCs
-nucleated, larger than RBC -diapesis: leave capillaries by passing thru endothelial cells -cellular and humoral defense |
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Lymphocytes
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-assist in inactivation of foreign substances
-never phagocytic -activated by Ags: B lymphocytes T lymphocytes |
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B lymphocytes
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-differentiate into plasma cells
-plasma cells secrete antibodies -humeral immunity |
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T lymphocytes
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-predominant lymphocyte
-cell mediated immunity Killer T Cells- graft rejection Helper T cells Supressor T cells |
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Null cells
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-no T or B cell surface marker
-may be stem cells |
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Monocytes
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-large, blue-gray cytoplasm and reddish, purple, kidney shaped nucleus
-azurophilic granules -only in blood -precursors of macrophages, become phagocytic after leaving circulation |
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Granulocytes
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-possess two types of granules:
1. azurophilic= lysosomes 2. specific granules -typically have segmented nuclei |
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Neutrophil
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-most abundant leukocyte
-1st line of defense against bacteria -become phagocytes |
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Eosinophils
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-allergic response and parasitic infection
-leave blood by diapedsis -nuclei usually have 2 lobes -Major Basic Protein (MBP)- lysosomal enzymes |
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Basophils
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-least numerous WBC
-limited amoeboid movement, limited phagocytosis -site of inflammation -nuclei have 3 lobes -specific granules (heparin and histamine) |
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Platelets (thrombocytes)
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-smallest formed element in the blood
-8 day life span -blood clotting -anucleate -hyalomere, granulomere granules contain seratonin |
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Blood islands
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form in extraembryonic mesoderm of the yolk sac in the 3rd week
-blood and endothelial cells develop from mesenchymal cells in the blood islands |
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2nd month of development
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hematopoiesis shifts to liver, spleen and thymus
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liver
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-produces:
-granulocytes -platelets -nucleated RBCs -anucleate RBCs |
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Spleen
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Produces:
-erythrocytes and a small number of granulocytes |
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Thymus
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produces lymphocytes
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3rd trimetster
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hematopoiesis shifts to the bone marrow
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2 types of bone marrow
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1. red marrow (active in hematopoiesis)
-adult: vertebral bodies, ribs, sternum, pelvic ilia, proximal humerus and proximal tibia 2. yellow marrow- fat laden |
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Erythropoiesis: Red Blood Cell Formation
Developmental stages |
proethrythroblast
basophilic eythroblast polychromatic eyrthroblast orthochrmoatic eyrthroblast reticulocyte eyrthrocyte |
