Blood And Heart Review Cards Part Two

Front 1

5 Types of White Blood Cells

Back 1

1. Granulocytes

a. Neutrophils

b. Eosinophils

c. Basilphils

B. Agranulocytes

a. Monocytes

b. Lymphocytes

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Front 2

WBC Count

Back 2

5-11 10 to the 3rd is normal

Low is 5 or under - leukopenia

Hi is 10 or more - leukocytosis

Front 3

Nuetrophils (Polymorphonuclear)

Back 3

50 -70% circulating

Pale cytoplasm and small purple granules

lysomal enzymes and bactericides

Seg nucleus

Immature ones called Bands

Increased Band = suggests active infection

Very aggressive attack "antibody marked" bacteria

Engulf and Digest Pathogens

Release Prostaglandins and leukotrienes

Form PUS

Front 4

Degranuluation

Back 4

Removing granules from cytoplasm.

Caused by fusion with lysosomes

Defensins :peptides from lysosomes attack pathogen membranes

Front 5

Eosinophils ( Acidophils)

Back 5

2-4% , Bi lobed, Red Granules, Phagoctotic Microphage

Attack large parasites

Excrete toxic compounds - nitric oxide, cytotoxic enzymes

Sensitive to allergins

Counteract inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells

#s increase with allergy,asthma, parasitic disease, gastroentericitis.

Front 6

Basophils

Back 6

Small, Bi- lobed nucleus, large purple granules

Less then 1%

Accumulate in damaged tissue, not phagocytic

1. Release Histamine to dilate blood vessels

2. Release Heparin - prevents clotting

3. Release Chemotatic factors - inflammatory promoters

Front 7

Agranulocytic Leukocytes

Back 7

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

a. B and T lymphs

Front 8

Monocytes

Back 8

1.large, spherical, indented nucleus

2.become phagocytic macrophages

3. Engulf large particles and Pathogens

a. viruses, intracellular parasites, chronic infections

4. Secrete substances that attract immune system cells and fibroblasts

5. Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response

Front 9

Lymphocytes

Back 9

20-30%, vary in size, large round nucleus

1. Mostly in CT and Lymphatic organs

2. Not phagocytic

3. Defense system

Front 10

T Cells - Attack foreign cells directly, 80% of Lymphocytes

Back 10

B Cells - 20% make antibodies, increase in viral infection

Front 11

Cancer - over production of abnormal WBCs

Cancerous leukocytes fill red bone marrow

Death from internal hemorrhage

Back 11

Treatments- Irradiation, antileukemic drugs, stem cell transplants

Front 12

WBC production

Back 12

Hemocytoblasts -------> Myeloid Stem Cells and Lymphoid Cells

Front 13

Myeloid Stem Cells

Back 13

become Progenitor cells which produce all WBCs EXCEPT for Lymphocytes

Front 14

Lymphopoiesis

Back 14

production of lymphocytes

Stimulated by 2 chemical messengers (red bone marrow) and mature WBCs:

1. Interleukins

2. Colony Stimulating Factors ( CSFs)

Front 15

4 CSFs

Back 15

1.M-CFS - monocyte production

2. G- CSF - Granulocyte production

3. GM -CSF - monocyte and granulocyte production

4. Multi CSF - Accelerates production of granulcoytes, monocytes, platelets, RBCs

Front 16

Platelets

Back 16

1. cell fragments

2. 9-12 days then removed by SPLEEN

3. For emergencies

4. Normal count 150K-500K

Front 17

Thrombocytopenia

Back 17

count below 50K

Front 18

Thrombocytosis

Back 18

High count above 1Million

Front 19

Functions of Platelets

Back 19

1. Release clotting chemicals

a. Granules with Serotonin,Ca2, Enzymes, ADP, Platelet derived growth factor

2. Temp patch damaged vessel walls

3. Contract tissue after clot formation

Front 20

Thrombocytopoiesis

Back 20

Platelet production - occurs in bone marrow

Front 21

Megakaryocytes

Back 21

Giant cells make platelets from cytoplasm

Front 22

Traditional Blood Count

Back 22

RBC Studies

White Blood Cell Studies -total count, differential

Platelet count

Front 23

Red blood cell studies

Back 23

1.Erythrocyte count

2. Reticulocyte count

3. Hemoglobin

4. Hematocrit

Anisocytosis - varation in RBC size mild 1- 4 severe

Poikilocytosis - shape " "

Front 24

Heomostatis

Back 24

Fast series for blood stoppage

3 Steps

1. Vascular

2. Platelet

3. Coagulation

Front 25

Other Factors in clotting

Back 25

CA2 - if low can imped clotting

Vitamin K - important in synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors

Heparin - used to prevent clotting

Prostacyclin- inhibits platetlet aggregration

Antithrombin 3 - inhibits thrombin

Front 26

Thrombin

Back 26

Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin which strengthens clot. CA2 required

Front 27

Fibronolysis

Back 27

Process of dissoving clot

Activate Plasminogen which produce Plasmin which digests fibrin strands

Front 28

Indications for Anticoagulant Treatment

Back 28

Post surgical patients, History of Mycaridal Infraction, Thromoembolic disorder, Patients on bed rest

Front 29

Anticoagulants

Back 29

DONT DISSOVE EXISTING CLOTS
Aspirin - prevents platelet aggregation

Heparin - blocks thrombirn formation

Coumadin(warfarin) blocks vitamin k which stops synthesis of prothrombin in liver

Dabigatran - directly inhibits thrombin

Front 30

Fibrinolytic Agents ( Clot busters)

Back 30

DO DISSOLVE EXISTING CLOTS

Plasmin or Fibronolysin - natural that is activated from plasminogen

TPA - boosts circulating plasmin levels

Streptokinase - enzyme from bacteria

Urokinase - enzyme from kidney cells

Front 31

Thrombus

Back 31

clot formed inside a vessel and attached to the vessel wall

Front 32

Thrombosis

Back 32

Clot inside a vessel

Front 33

Embolus

Back 33

outside vascular compartment (foreign) and travels.

Front 34

Embolism

Back 34

embolus obstructing a vessel ( pulmonary and cerebral emboli)

Front 35

Common Ebolic agents

Back 35

Atherosclerotic plaque, Clots that break free( throumboembolus), air in cerebral or coronary circulation, fat droplets from long bone fracture

Front 36

Hemophilias

Back 36

Congenital bleeding disorders marked by deficiencies of clotting factor.

3 Kinds

Hemophilia A - 85%, Antihemophilic factor) VIIIpassed from mother to son.

Hemophilia B- Christmas disease 10% IX

Hemophilia C- Rosenthals Disease PTA factorXI

All treated wit horpoprecipitates (freeze dried factors.

Front 37

Von Willebrands Disease

Back 37

Bleeding disorder marked by low Factor Viii activity Ice and pressure applied to treatment

Front 38

Pulmonary Circuit

Back 38

Carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of lungs

Front 39

Systemic Circuit

Back 39

Carries blood to and from the body

Front 40

Capillaries

Back 40

Exchange vessels - between blood and tissues

Dissolved gases, nutrients, wastes

Front 41

4 Chambers of the Heart

Back 41

2 for each circuit - left and right

ventricles and atria

Front 42

Right Atrium

Back 42

collects blood from systemic circuit

Front 43

Right Ventricle

Back 43

Pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit

Front 44

Left Atrium

Back 44

Collects blood from Pulmonary Circuit

Front 45

Left Ventricle

Back 45

Pumps blood to Systemic Circuit

Front 46

Anatomy of Heart

Back 46

1. directly behind sternum

2. Great veins and arteries at base

3. Apex points toward left hip

4. Surrounded by Pericardial Sac between 2 pleural cavities in the mediastinum

Front 47

Pericardium

Back 47

Double lining of the pericardial cavity

2 Layers

1. Parietal Pericardium

a. outer layer, forms inner layer of pericardial sac ( fibrous pericardium)

2 . Visceral (Serous) Pericardium

a. inner layer of pericardium

Front 48

Pericardial Cavity

Back 48

between parietal and visceral layers (serous)

contains pericardial fluid

Front 49

Pericardial Sac ( Fibrous Pericardium)

Back 49

Dense fibrous tissue layer that prevents, anchors and prevents over filling

Front 50

Pericarditis

Back 50

Inflammation of the pericardium caused by viral infection

Front 51

Cardiac Tamponade

Back 51

Fluid from pericarditis related inflammation ca build up in the pericardial cavity and restrict heart movement

Front 52

Atria

Back 52

1. Thin walled chamber

2. Expandable outer auricle

Front 53

Sulci Coronary Sulcus

Back 53

divides atria and ventricles

Front 54

Sulci

Anterior and Posterior Interventricular Sulci

Back 54

separate left and right ventricles

contain blood vessels of cardiac muscle

Front 55

3 Layers of the Heart Wall

Back 55

1. Epicardium- outer layer

2. Myocardium-mid layer

3. Endocardium-inner layer

Front 56

Epicardium

Back 56

Same as visceral pericardium

Covers the heart

Front 57

Myocardium

Back 57

1. Muscular wall of heart

2. Concentric layers

3. Atrial myocardium wraps around great vessels

4. 2 Divisions of ventricular myocardium

Front 58

2 Divisions of Ventricular Myocardium

Back 58

1. Superficial Ventricular Muscles

a. surrounds both vetricles

2. Deep ventricular Muscles

a. surrounds only the left ventricle

b. makes up the intraventricular septum

Front 59

3 Types of Blood Vessels

Back 59

1. Arteries - carry blood away from the heart

2. Veins - carry blood to the heart (deoxygenated)

3. Capillaries - network between arteries and veins

Front 60

Atrioventricular Valves (AV)

Back 60

Connect right atrium to right ventricle and left atrium to left ventricle

Permit blood flow in 1 direction

ATRIA TO VENTRICLES

Front 61

Interatrial Septum

Back 61

SEPERATES ATRIA

Front 62

Interventricular Septum

Back 62

Seperates Ventricles

Front 63

Vena Cava

Back 63

Delivers systemic circulation to the right atrium

1.Superior Vena Cava

a. receives blood from head, neck, upper limbs and chest

2. Inferior Vena Cava

a. receives blood from trunk, viscera, lower limbs

Front 64

Coronary Sinus

Back 64

Caridac veins return blood to the coronary sinus

Coronary sinus opens into the right atrium

Front 65

Foramen Ovale

Back 65

Before birth = opening through interatrial septum

Connects 2 atria

Seals off at birth forming fossa ovalis

Front 66

Pectinate Muscles

Back 66

musclular ridges on anterior atrial wall and inner surfaces of right auricle

Front 67

Cusps

Back 67

Fibrous flaps that for bicuspid(2) and tricuspid(3) valves

Free edges attach to chordae tendieae from papillary muscles of ventricle

Prevent valve from opening backwards

Front 68

Right Atrioventricular Valve (AV)

(Tricuspid valve)

Back 68

Opening from right atrium to right ventricle

3 cusps

Front 69

Trabeculae Carneae

Back 69

Muscular ridges on internal surfaces of ventricles

Includes moderator band

a. ridge contains part of conducting system

b. coordinates contractions of muscle cells

c. prevent heart from overstretching

Front 70

Pulmonary Circuit

Back 70

Conus arteriosus - superior right ventricle - leads to pulmonary trunk.

Pulmonary Trunk - divides into left and right pulmonary arteries

Then goes through Pulmonary Valve

a. It has 3 semilunar cusps

Front 71

Return from Pulmonary Circuit

Back 71

Blood in left and right pulmonary veins ----->

Left atrium---------> Blood passes to left ventricle through Left Atrioventricular valve (2 cusp bicuspid valve or mitral valve.

Front 72

Left Ventricle

Back 72

Holds same volume as right ventricle but is larger, thicker and more powerful because it has to pump blood from toes and lower body

Does not have moderator band

Front 73

Left Vetricle Systemic Circulation

Back 73

blood leaves through left ventricle through aortic valve --------> ascending aorta----------> becomes aortic arch---------descending aorta

Front 74

Right Ventricle

Back 74

thinner, less pressure then left ventricle

pouch shaped, left is round

Front 75

Heart Valves

Back 75

One way valves that prevent backflow during contraction

Front 76

Atrioventricular Valves

Back 76

Between atria and ventricles

Blood pressure closes valve cusps during ventricular contraction

Papillary muscles tense chordae tendineae

Front 77

Regurgitation

Back 77

Failure of valves and causes backflow of blood into atria

Front 78

Semilunar Valves

Back 78

1. Pulmonary and aortic tricuspid valves

2. No muscular support.

3. prevent backflow from pulmonary trunk and aorta into ventricles

4. 3 cusps support like tripod

Front 79

Aortic Sinuses

Back 79

At base of ascending aorta

Prevents valves cusps from sticking to aorta

Origin of right and left coronary arteries

Blood can only flow in to coronary arteries in diastole when the aortic valve is closed - It can get out to coronary arteries

Front 80

Carditis

Back 80

Inflammation of heart

Can result in valvular heart disease (VHD)

a. can happen from build up of scar tissue like from rheumatic fever

Front 81

Connective Tissue Fibers of the Heart

Back 81

1. Physically support cardiac muscle fibers

2. Distribute forces of contraction

3. Add strength and prevent overexpansion of heart

4. Elastic fibers return heart to original shape after contraction

Front 82

Fibrous Skeleton

Back 82

4 bands around heart valves and bases of pulmonary trunk and aorta

Stabilizes valves

Electrically insulate ventricular cells from atrial cells.

Front 83

Coronary Circulation

Back 83

Coronary arteries and cardiac veins -----> suppy blood to muscle tissue of heart

Front 84

Coronary Arteries

Back 84

1. Left and right

2. Originate at aortic sinuses

3. High blood pressure, elastic rebound force blood through coronary arteries between contractions

Front 85

Right Coronary Artery

Back 85

Supplies blood to :

1. RIGHT atrium.

2. Portion of both ventricles

3. Cells of Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular nodes

4. Marginal arteries ( surface of right and left ventricles)

5. Posterior interventricular artery

Front 86

Left Coronary Artery

Back 86

Supplies blood to :

1. Left ventricle

2. Left atrium

3. Interventricular septum

2 main branches

a. circumflex artery

b. interventricular artery

BLOOD FLOWS INTO THE CORONARY ARTERIES DURING DIASTOLE

Front 87

Arterial Anastomoses

Back 87

Interconnect anterior and posterior interventricular arteries

Stabilize blood supply to CARDIAC muscle.

Front 88

Great Cardiac Vein

Back 88

Drains blood from anterior interventricular artery into coronary sinus

Front 89

Anterior cardiac vein

Back 89

Empties directly into right atrium

Front 90

Posterior,Middle, Small cardiac veins

Back 90

Empty into Great cardiac vein or Coronary Sinus

Front 91

Angina Pectoris

Back 91

Temp chest pain upon exertion or emotional stress from partially blocked coronary artery

Caused by Ischemia of heart muscle from increased o2 demand or vascular spasm

Cardiac muscle cells weakened

Pressure chest constriction and pain from sternal area to arms, back and neck(Adult Male)

Front 92

Treatment for Angina Pectoris

Back 92

Rest

Nitroglycerin

Limiting triggers

Stop smoking

Lowering fat consumption

Surgery

Front 93

Myocaridal Infarction

Back 93

Blockage of coronary artery causes death of cardiac tissue

Areas of cell death repaired with noncontractile scar tissue

Commonly due to thrombosis at the site of severe coronary artery disease

Front 94

Myocaridal Infarction Symptoms and treatment

Back 94

Severe crushing pain similar to angina

Increased cardiac enzypmes

creatine kinase

Troponin

Lactate dehydrogenase

Treatments include:

Fibrinolytics, clotbusting drugs (t-PA) with anticoagulants alone