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56 Cards in this Set

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What are the cellular elements of blood?
White Blood Cell
Red Blood Cell
Plasma
What's the blood pH of a healthy person?
7.2 slightly alkaline
What's the normal blood volume for males and females?
5-6L for males
4.5 - 5L for females.
What percentage of blood volume is plasma?
55%
Plasma is isotonic with ?% solution of NaCl?
0.9% solution of NaCl
What substances is plasma made of?
More than 100 substances including: water (90%), gases (mainly O2 and CO2), proteins (albumin, globulins, fibronigen), enzymes, hormones, antibodies, nutrients (glucose, lipids, amino acids, and vitamins), salt as eletrolytes, fatty globules
What's the fatty globules in plasma called?
chylomicrons
What type or proteins are in plasma?
albumin, globulins, fibronogens, enzymes, hormones, antibodies
What kind of nutrients are in plasma?
glucose, lipids, amino acids, vitamins
What kind of electrolytes are in plasma?
NaCl, Cl, Mg, K, HCO3, Ca
What's the pH of a healthy plasma?
7.2 (slightly alkaline)
What's the function of albumin?
Maintaining osmotic pressure of blood.
Explain what happens when you lose a lot of albumin in urine.
Albumin level decrease will lead to decrease in osmotic pressure which will throw water out as urine, and cause edema.
What's the function of globulins?
They form antibodies and is important to the immune system.
Which is found in plasma? Antibodies or antigens?
Antibodies
Where is antigens found?
surface of cells
What are the functions of plasma?
respiration, coagulation (homeostasis), temperature regulation, buffering mechanism, fluid balance (by maintaining osmotic pressure), transport of nutrients,hormones, antibodies, waste products,
What's another name for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes.
What comprises of 95% of weight of RBC?
hemoglobin
Hemoglobin binds ? times its weight in oxygen?
1.3x its weight.
What is hemoglobin? (antibody, vitamin, protein)
it's a complex protein
What advantages does the bi-concave shape of RBC provide?
respiratory efficiency (favors absorption and release of gas), makes it more flexible and easier entry into capillaries,
What's the diameter of a RBC?
8.5 microns (undehydrated)
Largest RBC are seen in which vertebrate?
salamander
Normal RBC count in males and females?
5.2 million/ cu mm males
4.5 million/ cu mm in females
what's the hormone responsible for RBC production?
erythropoietin,
What is erythropoietin?
Hormone produced by the kidneys responsible for RBC production.
What is rouleaux
When RBC are stacked, as seen in blood samples or when RBC become stagnant circulation
What do you call it when RBC become stacked (as in blood samples)?
rouleaux
During dehydration, does plasma become hypertonic or hypotonic?
hypertonic.
What happens to RBC during dehydration?
Plasma becomes hypertonic, RBC lose water and becomes crenated.
If plasma becomes dilute, what happens to RBC?
RBC swells and eventually bursts, (hemolysis), and hemoglobin passes out,
What could happen to RBC due to snake venom or lipid solvents such as ether?
They can damage plasma membrane and cause hemolysis
What is agglutination?
clumping of RBC
What is agglutination produced by?
glucose solution, acid salt solution, agglutinins, =
What's the lifespan of RBC?
120 days
Where is RBC produced?
Bone marrow.
What is responsible for the oxygen carrying capacity of blood?
hemoglobin
What are the two ways you can have anemia?
decrease in hemoglobin or decrease in RBC
What do you call increase in RBC?
polycythemia
hemolysis
RBC breaks down and bursts
What happens if there's excessive hemolysis?
Leads of hemolytic anemia.
What in RBC is responsible for blood type
agglutinogens which are antigens
What's a good way of determining anemia?
Packed cell volume
What's the normal WBC count? vs RBC?
WBC = 5000 - 11,000 / cu mm

vs RBC= 4.5 - 5.2 million/ cu mm
What's another name for whilte blood cels?
leukocytes
What are the 2 types of leukocytes?
agranulocytes and granulocytes
What do you call an increase in WBC?
leucocytosis
Bacterial infection would increase which type of leukocytes?
neutrophils
What do you call a decrease in WBC?
leukopenia -- seen in bone marrow depression
leukemia
= cancer of wbc
What's the difference in leukemia in children and leukemia in adults?
acute/blastic leukemia in children = the primitive/ bone marrow wbc increase

chronic leukemia in adults = the mature wbc increase
What the the different types of agranulocytes and their percentage volume of WBC?
Neutrophil = 55%, Eosinophil= 4%, Basophil = 1%
What the the different types of granulocytes and their percentage volume of WBC?
lymphocytes = 30%, nonocytes= 10%
When do you commonly see polycethemia?
When a person from a high altitude comes down to a place of low altitude.
When do you commonly see leukocytosis?
When someone has bacterial infection.