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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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blood is 3-4 times more viscous than
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h2o
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most blood cells form in
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red bone marrow
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types of blood cells are
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red blood cells, white blood cells
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cellular fragments of blood are
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platelets
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formed elements of blood are
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red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
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blood volume varies with
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body size, changes in fluid, electrolyte concentrations, amount of adipose tissue
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blood volume is about ------- of body weight
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8%
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an average-size adult has ------ liters of blood
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5
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hematocrit is
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percentage (packed cell volume)
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a blood sample is usually -----% red blood cells and remaining -----% plasma
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45.....55
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plasma is a mixture of
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h2o, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, cellular wastes
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less than 1% of formed elements of blood are ----- and 99% are -----
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white blood cells and platelets..... red blood cells
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blood cells originate in ----- from -----
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red bone marrow..... hematopoietic stem cells or hemocytoblasts
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a stem cell can differentiate into
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more stem cells
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thrombopoietin stimulates
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large cells-megakaryocytes
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red blood cells are also called
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erythrocytes
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red blood cells are ----- in shape
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distinct (tiny, biconcave, thin middles, and thick outer rim)
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the biconcave shape of red blood cells allow them to
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squeeze through narrow capillaries
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hemoglobin is
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oxygen carrying
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each red blood cell is about ----- hemoglobin by volume
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1/3
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oxyhemoglobin is
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(bright red) hemoglobin combines with oxygen
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deoxyhemoglobin is
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(bluish) oxygen is released
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red blood cells extrude their ----- as they mature
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nuclei
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because red blood cells lack mitochondria they must produce ATP through
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glycolysis only, use none of the oxygen they carry
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as red blood cells age, they become ----- and are more likely to be damaged and are removed by -----
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less active.....the spleen and liver
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a red blood cell count is
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number of red blood cells in a microliter
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a healthy adult male has a red blood cell count between
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4,600,000 to 6,200,000 per microliter
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a healthy adult female has red blood cell count between
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4,200,000 to 5,400,000 per microliter
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a healthy child has a red blood cell count between
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4,500,000 to 5,100,000 per microliter
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the number of red blood cells reflects the bloods
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oxygen carrying capacity
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erythropoiesis is
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red blood cell formation
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initially, red blood cell formation occurs
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in yolk sac, liver, and spleen
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after an infant is born. red blood cells are produced
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by tissue lining the spaces in bones, filled with red bone marrow
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hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow gives rise to ----- that give rise to erythocytes
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erythroblasts
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reticulocytes are
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young red cells containing net-like structure
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the average life span of a red blood cell is
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120 days
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erythropoietin controls ----- and is released primarily from -----
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rate of red blood cell formation.....kidneys (a lesser extent from liver)
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when the availability of oxygen decreases ----- is released and red blood cell production -----
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erythropoietin (EPO) .....increases
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two vitamins needed for red blood cell production are
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B complex vitamin B12 and folic acid (iron)
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two B complex vitamins are needed for
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red cell production - DNA synthesis
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intrinsic factor is needed for
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absorption of B12
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iron is needed for
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hemoglobin synthesis
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anemia is
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deficiency of red blood cells or reduction in amount of hemoglobin
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damaged red blood cells rupture as they pass through
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spleen or liver
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in the liver and spleen ----- destroy worn out red blood cells
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Macrophages (big eaters)
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hemoglobin molecules are broken down into
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four component poly peptide "globin" chain (surrounding heme group)
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heme decomposes into
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iron and biliverdin
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ferritin is
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iron protein complex
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biliverdin is converted into
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bilirubin
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bilirubin and biliverdin are excreted in
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bile
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the poly peptide globin chains break down into
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amino acids
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white blood cells are also called
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leukocytes
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white blood cells function to
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protect against disease
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granulocytes have ----- whereas agranulocytes -----
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granular cytoplasm..... without cytoplasmic granulations
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examples of granulocytes are
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Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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Neutrophil granules appear ----- in acid/base stain
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purple
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Neutrophils have nuclei that are
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lobed and consist of 2-5 segments connected by a thin strand of chromatin
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Neutrophils phagocytize
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bacteria, fungi, and some viruses
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Neutrophils account for about ----- of white blood cells in a blood sample
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54-62%
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eosinophil granules stain ----- in an acid stain
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deep red
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the nucleus of an eosinophil is usually
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two lobes (bilobed)
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eosinophils moderate
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allergic reactions and defend against parasitic worm infestation
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eosinophils make up ----- of the total number of circulating white blood cells
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1-3%
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basophil granules stain ----- in a basic stain
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deep blue
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basophils migrate to ----- where they release
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damaged tissues..... histamine and heparin
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histamine promotes
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inflammation
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heparin functions to
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inhibit blood clotting
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basophils usually account for ----- of leukocytes
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Less than 1%
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examples of agranulocytes are
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monocytes and leukocytes
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the largest of the white blood cells are
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monocytes
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the nuclei of monocytes are
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spherical, kidney shaped, and oval lobed
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monocytes can leave the ----- to become
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bloodstream..... Macrophages and phagocytize (eat) bacteria, dead cells, and other debris
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monocytes usually make up ----- of white blood cells in a blood sample
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3-9% (live for several weeks or years)
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a typical lymphocyte contains ----- nucleus surrounded by a ----- of cytoplasm
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large..... thin layer
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the major types of lymphocytes are
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T-cells, B-cells
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T-cells attack
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microorganisms,tumor cells, and transplanted cells
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B-cells produce
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antibodies (proteins that attack foreign molecules)
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lymphocytes account for ----- of the circulating white blood cells
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25-33% (live for many years)
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Diapedesis is
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movement of leukocytes squeezing between cells that form the walls of the smallest vessels
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amoeboid motion is
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self propulsion
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the most mobile and active phagocytic leukocytes are
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Neutrophils and monocytes
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when microorganisms invade human tissues basophils respond by
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releasing bio chemicals that dilate local blood vessels
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positive chemotaxis is
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damaged cells releasing chemicals that attract leukocytes (when combined with Diapedesis it quickly bring many white blood cells into inflamed areas)
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pus is
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bacteria, leukocytes, and damaged cells accumulate in inflamed tissue (thick fluid)
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a white blood cell count is normally between
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4500-10000 per micro liter
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leukocytosis is ----- and is often caused by
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white blood cell count above 10000 per microliter .....acute infection (appendicitis) , follows vigorous exercise, emotional disturbance, or great loss of body fluid
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leukopenia is ----- and is often caused by
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white blood cells below 4500 per microliter..... typhoid fever, influenza, measles, mumps, chickenpox, Aids, poliomelitis, anemia, or lead, arsenic, mercury poisoning
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a differential white blood cell count lists
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percentages of various types of leukocytes in a blood sample
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the number of Neutrophils increases during ----- and eosinophils increase during
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bacterial infections..... parasitic infections and allergic reactions
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platelets are also called
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thrombocytes
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platelets arise from cells called
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megakaryocytes
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a normal platelet count is normally between
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150000-450000 per microliter
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platelets help repair ----- by sticking
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damaged blood vessels..... to broken surfaces
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platelets release ----- which
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serotonin..... contracts smooth muscles in vessel walls, reducing blood flow
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plasma is
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clear straw colored liquid part in which cells and platelets are suspended
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about ----- of plasma is water
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92%
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functions of plasma include
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transporting nutrients, gases, and vitamins (helping to regulate fluid and electrolyte balance maintaining favorable pH)
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the three main plasma protein groups are
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albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
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albumin are ----- and are synthesized
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the smallest of plasma proteins..... in the liver, because they are plentiful they determin osmotic pressure
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albumins function to
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maintain osmotic pressure, regulate water movement between blood and tissues
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globulins can be divided into the following three groups
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alpha, beta, gamma globulins
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alpha and beta globulins are synthesized ----- and function to
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in the liver..... transport liquids and fat soluble vitamins
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Gamma globulins are synthesized ----- and function as
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in the lymphatic tissues..... antibodies in immune response
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fibrinogen is synthesized ----- and functions to
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in the liver..... coagulate blood
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the most important blood gases are
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O2, CO2
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the plasma nutrients are
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amino acids, simple sugars, nucleiotides, and lipids absorbed from digestive tract
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types of non protein substances in plasma are
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amino acids, urea, uric acid, creatine, and creatinine
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urea is produced when
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protein and nucleic acid catabolize
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uric acid is produced when
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protein and nucleic acid catabolize
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creatinine is produced from
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metabolism of creatine
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creatine phosphate is
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in muscle, brain tissues, and blood as energy in phosphate bonds much like ATP molecules
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about half of the NPN substances in blood are
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urea
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plasma electrolytes include
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sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate phosphate, and sulfate ions
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----- are the most abundant plasma electrolytes
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sodium chloride ions
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hemastasis refers to
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the process that stops bleeding (vitally important when blood vessels are damaged)
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three actions that may prevent blood are
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blood vessel spasm( Vasoconstriction), platelet plug formation, blood coagulation
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vasospasm is
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constriction of smooth muscles in the walls of small blood by vessels
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following vasospasm blood loss ----- and the ends of the severed vessel may
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lessens..... close completely
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platelets adhere to
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exposed ends of injured blood vessels
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a platelet plug is formed when
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the contact collagen
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the function of the platelet plug is to
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control blood loss from a small break
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coagulation causes
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blood clots
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the extrinsic clotting mechanism is triggered by
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releasing of bio chemicals from broken blood vessels or damaged tissues
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serotonin
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aids in reduction of blood loss
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the intrinsic clotting mechanism is triggered by
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blood contact with foreign surfaces in the absence of tissue damage
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clotting factors are
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complex and use many biochemicals
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vitamin ----- is necessary for some clotting factors to function
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K
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procoagulants promote ----- and anti coagulation inhibits
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coagulation.....coagulation
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normally -----prevail and the blood does not clot
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anticoagulants
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the major even in blood clot formation is
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conversion of the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into insoluble threads of protein fibrin
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the extrinsic clotting mechanism is triggered when
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blood contacts damaged blood vessel walls or tissues outside blood vessels
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tissue thromboplastin is
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associated with disrupted cell membranes
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the series of reactions in the extrinsic clotting mechanism are dependent on ----- ions
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calcium
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prothrombin activator converts ----- to -----
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prothrombin..... thrombin
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the function of trombone is to
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catalyze a reaction that fragments fibrinogen
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once fibrin threads form, they stick to
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exposed surfaces of damaged blood vessels creating meagerly that entraps blood cells and platelets
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a blood clot is composed of
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fibrin threads and platelets
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blood clotting is enhanced by ----- system
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positive feedback
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normally blood clot formation is prevented by
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blood flow throughout the body (by rapidly carrying excess thrombin away and keeping its concentration too low to promote further clotting)
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blood clotting mechanisms
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the ----- factor initiates clotting in the intrinsic clotting mechanism
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hageman
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the intrinsic clotting mechanism occurs when blood is exposed to
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a foreign surface such as collagen in connective tissue instead of the smooth endothelial lining of intact blood vessels or when blood is stored in glass container
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the reactions of the intrinsic clotting mechanism depend on ----- ions
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calcium
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most of the steps of blood clot formation in the intrinsic clotting mechanism are the same as
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extrinsic mechanism
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after blood clot forms it soon begins to
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retract
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serum is
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plasma minus fibrinogen and clotting factors
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platelet derived growth factor stimulates
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smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to repair damaged blood vessel walls
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fibroblasts produce ----- which help strengthen and seal
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connective tissue..... vascular breaks
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plasmin is released from ----- and functions to
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plasminogen..... digest fibrin threads and other proteins associated with blood clots
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a thrombus is
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a blood clot abnormally forming in a vessel
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atherosclerosis is
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accumulations of fatty deposits change arterial linings sometimes initiating inappropriate clotting
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thrombosis in veins is usually caused by
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atherosclerosis
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the smooth lining of blood vessels discourages
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platelets and clotting factors from accumulating
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antithrombin inactivates
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additional thrombin binding to it and blocking its action on fibrinogen
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heparin is
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interferes with formation of prothrombin activator prevents the action of thrombin on fibrinogen and promotes removal of thrombin by antithrombin and fibrin absorption
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agglutination is ----- and is due to
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clumping of red blood cells..... reaction between red blood cell surface molecules
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avoiding the mixture of certain kinds of ----- prevents adverse transfusion reactions
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antigens and antibodies
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a person with only antigen B has type ----- blood
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B
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a person with both antigen A and antigen B has type ------ blood
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AB
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a person with neither antigen A nor antigen B has type ----- blood
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O
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a person with type A blood has ----- antibody in their plasma
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B
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a person with type B blood has ----- antibody in their plasma
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A
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a person with type AB blood has neither ----- antibodies in their plasma
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A and B
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a person with type O has both ----- antibodies in their plasma
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A and B
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antibodies anti-A and anti-B do not cross the
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placenta
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the major concern in blood transfusion procedures is that
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the cells in donated blood not clump due to antibodies in the recipients plasma
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a person with type AB blood is called a universal recipient because
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they lack both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
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type O blood is the universal donor because
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they lack antigens A and B
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a person with type A blood cannot receive type B blood because
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type A has B antibodies if they receive type B blood their antibodies would kill off blood
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the rH blood group was named after
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rhesus monkey
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blood is said to be rH positive when
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antigen D or rH antigens are present on RBC membranes
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blood is said to be rH negative when
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red blood cells lack rH antigens
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anti rH antibodies form only in rH negative persons when
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there is a response to the presence of RBC with rH antigens
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when rH negative woman is pregnant with an ------ fetus she will produce
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rH positive..... anti-rH antibodies
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erythroblastosis fetalis occurs when
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(hemolytic disease) anti-rH antibodies cross placental membrane and destroy fetal red blood cells
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