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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What pushes molecules into a cell? What pushes them out? |
In ----> Osmotic pressure
Out --> Blood pressure |
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What leaves the blood vs. what stays? |
CO2, H2O and glucose leave the blood and enter cells/tissues
Blood cells and plasma proteins tend to stay |
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What makes platelets?
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Fragmentation of large cells called megakaryotes in the red bone marrow.
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Blood clotting requires what three things?
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Platelets, prothrombin and fibrinogen
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Fibrinogen and prothrombin are plasma proteins that are manufactured and deposited into the blood by which organ?
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The liver
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Where are white blood cells formed?
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In the red bone marrow
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Basophils produce what?
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Mast cells that release histamine during an inflammatory response
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What are the two types of leukocytes
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Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
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What are the two types of Agranulocytes?
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Lymphocytes and Monocytes
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What three granulocytes phagocytize?
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M.acrophages
E.osinophils N.eutrophils |
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What leukocyte is infection fighting primarily dependant on? |
Neutrophils
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What is the difference between the two types of Agranulocytes?
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Lymphocytes have a circular nucleus and monocytes have an indented nucleus
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Where are Agranulocytes produced and where can they be found? |
They are produced in the red bone marrow but can be found in red bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and tonsils |
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What can monocytes turn into and what do these new cells do? |
Monocytes can grow and turn into a macrophage. These cells can phagocytise |
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What are the two types of lymphocytes? |
B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells) |
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What are the functions of the two types of lymphocytes? |
B cells produce antibodies and T cells kill virus-containing cells. |
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Where do B cells and T cells mature? |
B cells = Bone marrow T cells = Thymus gland |
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When and why is fever caused? |
Fever is caused by the manufacturing of more WBC by the red bone marrow in the case of an invasion by pathogens |
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How many antibody types can one Lymphocyte produce? |
Lymphocytes can only produce one type of antibody that is specific for one type of antigen |
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How do you spell the condition where Rh antibodies of a mother cross the placenta and start to destroy the baby's re blood cells? |
Erythroblastosis fetalis |
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What are memory cells? |
The are lymphocytes that remain in the blood in case the same antigen invades again so they can quickly multiply to counter the antigen by creating antibodies |
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What is active immunity? |
It is when someone has enough memory cells left over from the recovery of a disease (or vaccine) so the person can produce enough antibodies to fight off the pathogen quickly |
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What is antibody titre? |
The amount of antibody in blood |
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What is passive immunity? |
When a person has already been exposed the disease and they cannot wait to produce memory cells and antibodies. Vaccines are available that contain antibodies from a donor who has recovered from the illness or a sensitized horse may be used. The patient will recover faster but has not had the chance to produce their own memory cells for the next time they encounter the disease. |
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How can babies have passive immunity?
How long do these antibodies last? |
Babies receive antibodies through the placenta and breast milk and are protected from any diseases the mother had. This is passive immunity because these antibodies only last about six to twelve months after birth. |
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What does the lymphatic system consist of? |
Lymph vessels, Lymph nodes and lacteals |
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What is they fluid in lymph vessels called? |
It is called lymph |
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how is lymph formed? |
From body liquids, called interstitial fluid or tissue fluid, that collect in the spaces between cells. |
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What kinds of nutrients does the lymph carry? |
Fatty acids and glycerol |
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What does the lymph carry other than nutrients? |
Lymph distributes germ-fighting white cells, and picks up any particles that are too big (like cell debris that is to be absorbed through the capillary membrane) |
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Is the lymphatic system one way or two way? |
It is one way because the vessels carry lymph from the body tissues back into the blood stream in one direction |
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Where does the lymph from the upper right body get emptied into? |
The blood at the right lymphatic duct then enters the right subclavian vein |
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Where does the lymph from all parts of your body except the upper right body get emptied into? |
The blood at the Thoracic Duct then enters the left subclavian vein |
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What are lymph nodes? |
Lymph nodes are lymphoid tissues located in many different areas such as the neck, groin and armpits.
The trap and filter bacteria and cell debris |
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Gives examples of tissues / organs that are lymph nodes |
Tonsils, appendix, spleen and thymus |
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Does the thymus become larger or smaller with age? |
The thymus becomes smaller with age |
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Where are antigens found on human blood cells? |
Antigens are found on the surface of human blood cells |
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If you have type A antigens, you are blood type _____, if you have type B antigens, you are blood type_______, if you have both you are type_______ and if you have none you are type_______ |
A, B, AB and O respectively |
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Where does everyone carry the antibodies to the antigens that (are / are not) present on their red blood cells? |
Everyone carries the antibodies in their plasma to the antigens that are NOT present on their red blood cells |
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Name all the blood types and what antibodies they contain |
A = B antibodies B = A antibodies AB = NO antibodies O = BOTH antibodies |
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If an antigen comes together with its matching antibody, what happens and what can it cause? |
Agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells will occur and this can cause death. |
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what does Rh in Rh factor stand for? |
Rhesus factor |
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What is Rh factor? |
Rh factor is another antigen found on RBCs and is important in matching blood types.
If you have Rh factor you are said to be Rh+ (you have Rh antigens and no antibodies)
If you don't have Rh antigens you are said to be Rh- (you have no Rh antigens and no Rh antibodies) |
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What is the treatment called that Rh- women can receive after the birth of any Rh+ child and what does it do? |
RhoGam injections will destroy any red blood cells left over from the baby before the mother has a chance to make her own antibodies |
