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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functions of blood
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1. Transport
2. Regulation 3. Protection |
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Blood as a Transporter
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1. Oxygen and nutrients to cells
2. Waste away from cells 3. Hormones |
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Regulation
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1. Maintains body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
2. Buffers maintain PH homeostasis |
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Protection
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1. Prevents infection
2. Blood clotting prevents blood loss |
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Blood takes nitrogen waste and CO2 where?
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away from cells
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Why can blood absorb a lot if heat?
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it contains a lot of water without increasing temp
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How does blood distribute haet?
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shunts blood to surface to cool, shunts blood yo v ore to maintain heat
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What cells help prevent infection?
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White blood cells
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Composition of blood
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1. Plasma (55%)
2. RBCells (45%) 3. Leukocytes, and platelets(1%) |
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Whole blood
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Blood you would from blood draw
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Plasma
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●90%water
●proteins ●electrolytes |
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Types of proteins in plasma
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●Albumin
●antibodies ●clotting proteins |
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Albumin
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protein found in plasma that helps maintain blood osmolarity and transport hormones
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Antibodies
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Proteins in plasma that play role in immune system and bind to pathogens
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Clotting proteins
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proteins found in plasma that play role in blood clotting cascade
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Electrolytes found in plasma
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●Sodium
●Potassium ●Calcium ●Magnesium ●Chloride ●bicarbonate |
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What role does the dissolved electrolytes in plasma play?
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an important role in nerve impulses, muscle contractions
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What role does bicarbonate play in plasma?
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it acts as the buffer in PH homeostasis
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CELLS
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1. Erythrocyte
2. Leukocytes 3. Thrombocytes |
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Hematocrit
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Erythrocytes, Red blood cells
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Leukocytes
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White blood cells
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Thrombocytes
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platelets, cell fragments
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Erthrocytes
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Anuecleated
Biconcave Conatins hemoglobin last ~120 days |
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Biconcave
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shape of RBC or erythrocytes, center is thinner than the outside (donut with no hole)
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Hemoglobin
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protein that binds and carries oxygen and CO2, Contains iron which is important in producing RBC
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How Long Do Erythrocytes live?
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About 120 days then they are destroyed by the liver and spleen
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Where are Erythrocytes made?
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in Red Bone marrow
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Why do RBC get killed about 120 days after being made?
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they cannot repair themselves, since they have nucleus
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Anemia
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Decrease in oxygen carrying ability of the blood
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Cause of anemia
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● Decreaseof RBC
● Deficient hemoglobin ● deficiency in iron or B12 ●Kidney disease,decrease EPO ●Blood loss ●Malaria ●Sickle Cell Disease |
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Luekocytes functions
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1. Protection infection against infection and initiates inflammation
2. Destroys cancerous cells 3. Tissue repairs |
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Types of WBC
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Granulocytes
1. Neutrophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils Agranulocytes 1. Lymphocytes 2. Monocytes |
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Granulocytes
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Contains. cytoplasmic granules, and lobed nuclei
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Types of Granulocytes
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1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils |
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Neutrophils
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most common granulocyte(60-70%);
●multi lobe nucleus ●stains pink/ light purple ● Phagocyte ● 1st responder ● Triggers inflammation |
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Inflammation is triggered by...
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Neutrophils
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Inflammation increases what?
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repair to tissue, more blood flow, makes blood vessels more permeable to allow more WBC to get to tissue
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Eosinophils
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Granulocyte, 1-4% of WBC
● Associated with allergies am parasitic infections ● bilobe- (2 big lobes) ● granules typically stain red |
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What would you expect to see if someone has bad almergies?
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Higher count of Eosinophils
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Basophils
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not common, (1%) of WBC; release histamine which play role in inflammation
● Dark bluish, purple granules |
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Agranulocytes
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WBC no granules
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Types of Agranulocytes
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Lymphocytes
Monocytes |
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Lymphocytes
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Agranulocytes (25-33%)
● Specific immune response ● Bells and Tcells ●LARGE nuclei ●Stain blue with purple nuclei |
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What WBC plays role in Immune memory?
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Tcells and Bcells (lymphocytes)
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Types of Lymphocytes
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Tcells
Bcells |
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Monocytes
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Agranulocyte (2-6%)
● Travel into tissue and mature into macrophage ●Large horshoe ( kidney bean)Nuclei ●Stain blue with purple nucleus ● |
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Platelets
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cell fragment Shedded by megakaryocytes
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Platelets play a role in...
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Blood clotting
Hemostasis |
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Hemostasis
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prevents loss of blood when blood vessels are damaged
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Examples of blood disorders
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1. Hemophilia
2. Thrombocytopenia 3. Impaired liver |
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Hemophilia
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genetic deficiencies in clotting factors (IX), unable to stop bleeding
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Thrombocytopenia
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reduction in platelets (caused by drugs, radiation, autoimmune diseases)
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Impaired liver
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affects clot ti ng proteins
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Hemtopoiesis
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●Blood cell formation
●occurs in red bone marrow ●arise from a common stem cell ●Rate of production is controlled by erythropoietin (EPO) in response to blood oxygen levels |
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Erythropoeisis
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production of RBC
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EPO
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Erythropoietin, released by kidneys if there is low O2 levels in blood and targets Red bone marrow and that increases Erythropoeisis and therefore raises O2 levels
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Leukopoeisis
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WBC production;
Controlled by conony stimulating factor |
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Why do Athletes sometimes abuse EPO ?
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Increase oxygen carrying abilities and avoid going into anaerobic metabolism and help avoid fatigue
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All cells come from ....
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A common stem cell
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What happens to nucleus of red blood cell?
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it is spit out to male room for protein-hemoglobin
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About 45 % of while blood is ...
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Erythrocytes
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About 1% of whole blood is. ..
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Leukocytes and platlettes
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