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62 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Functions of blood
1. Transport
2. Regulation
3. Protection
Blood as a Transporter
1. Oxygen and nutrients to cells
2. Waste away from cells
3. Hormones
Regulation
1. Maintains body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
2. Buffers maintain PH homeostasis
Protection
1. Prevents infection
2. Blood clotting prevents blood loss
Blood takes nitrogen waste and CO2 where?
away from cells
Why can blood absorb a lot if heat?
it contains a lot of water without increasing temp
How does blood distribute haet?
shunts blood to surface to cool, shunts blood yo v ore to maintain heat
What cells help prevent infection?
White blood cells
Composition of blood
1. Plasma (55%)
2. RBCells (45%)
3. Leukocytes, and platelets(1%)
Whole blood
Blood you would from blood draw
Plasma
●90%water
●proteins
●electrolytes
Types of proteins in plasma
●Albumin
●antibodies
●clotting proteins
Albumin
protein found in plasma that helps maintain blood osmolarity and transport hormones
Antibodies
Proteins in plasma that play role in immune system and bind to pathogens
Clotting proteins
proteins found in plasma that play role in blood clotting cascade
Electrolytes found in plasma
●Sodium
●Potassium
●Calcium
●Magnesium
●Chloride
●bicarbonate
What role does the dissolved electrolytes in plasma play?
an important role in nerve impulses, muscle contractions
What role does bicarbonate play in plasma?
it acts as the buffer in PH homeostasis
CELLS
1. Erythrocyte
2. Leukocytes
3. Thrombocytes
Hematocrit
Erythrocytes, Red blood cells
Leukocytes
White blood cells
Thrombocytes
platelets, cell fragments
Erthrocytes
Anuecleated
Biconcave
Conatins hemoglobin
last ~120 days
Biconcave
shape of RBC or erythrocytes, center is thinner than the outside (donut with no hole)
Hemoglobin
protein that binds and carries oxygen and CO2, Contains iron which is important in producing RBC
How Long Do Erythrocytes live?
About 120 days then they are destroyed by the liver and spleen
Where are Erythrocytes made?
in Red Bone marrow
Why do RBC get killed about 120 days after being made?
they cannot repair themselves, since they have nucleus
Anemia
Decrease in oxygen carrying ability of the blood
Cause of anemia
● Decreaseof RBC
● Deficient hemoglobin
● deficiency in iron or B12
●Kidney disease,decrease EPO
●Blood loss
●Malaria
●Sickle Cell Disease
Luekocytes functions
1. Protection infection against infection and initiates inflammation
2. Destroys cancerous cells
3. Tissue repairs
Types of WBC
Granulocytes
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
Agranulocytes
1. Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes
Granulocytes
Contains. cytoplasmic granules, and lobed nuclei
Types of Granulocytes
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
Neutrophils
most common granulocyte(60-70%);

●multi lobe nucleus
●stains pink/ light purple
● Phagocyte
● 1st responder
● Triggers inflammation
Inflammation is triggered by...
Neutrophils
Inflammation increases what?
repair to tissue, more blood flow, makes blood vessels more permeable to allow more WBC to get to tissue
Eosinophils
Granulocyte, 1-4% of WBC
● Associated with allergies am parasitic infections
● bilobe- (2 big lobes)
● granules typically stain red
What would you expect to see if someone has bad almergies?
Higher count of Eosinophils
Basophils
not common, (1%) of WBC; release histamine which play role in inflammation
● Dark bluish, purple granules
Agranulocytes
WBC no granules
Types of Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Agranulocytes (25-33%)
● Specific immune response
● Bells and Tcells
●LARGE nuclei
●Stain blue with purple nuclei
What WBC plays role in Immune memory?
Tcells and Bcells (lymphocytes)
Types of Lymphocytes
Tcells
Bcells
Monocytes
Agranulocyte (2-6%)
● Travel into tissue and mature into macrophage
●Large horshoe ( kidney bean)Nuclei
●Stain blue with purple nucleus
Platelets
cell fragment Shedded by megakaryocytes
Platelets play a role in...
Blood clotting
Hemostasis
Hemostasis
prevents loss of blood when blood vessels are damaged
Examples of blood disorders
1. Hemophilia
2. Thrombocytopenia
3. Impaired liver
Hemophilia
genetic deficiencies in clotting factors (IX), unable to stop bleeding
Thrombocytopenia
reduction in platelets (caused by drugs, radiation, autoimmune diseases)
Impaired liver
affects clot ti ng proteins
Hemtopoiesis
●Blood cell formation
●occurs in red bone marrow
●arise from a common stem cell
●Rate of production is controlled by erythropoietin (EPO) in response to blood oxygen levels
Erythropoeisis
production of RBC
EPO
Erythropoietin, released by kidneys if there is low O2 levels in blood and targets Red bone marrow and that increases Erythropoeisis and therefore raises O2 levels
Leukopoeisis
WBC production;
Controlled by conony stimulating factor
Why do Athletes sometimes abuse EPO ?
Increase oxygen carrying abilities and avoid going into anaerobic metabolism and help avoid fatigue
All cells come from ....
A common stem cell
What happens to nucleus of red blood cell?
it is spit out to male room for protein-hemoglobin
About 45 % of while blood is ...
Erythrocytes
About 1% of whole blood is. ..
Leukocytes and platlettes