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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are white blood cells
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leukocytes
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What are red blood cells?
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Erythrocytes
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What are platelets?
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Thrombocytes
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How many erythrocytes are in a microliter of blood?
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5 million
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How many thrombocytes are in a microliter of blood?
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300,000
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How many leukocytes are in a microliter of blood?
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7,000
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White blood cells and platelets together make up what percentage of blood?
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<1%
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Leukocytes are composed of what types of cells?
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Granulocytes (65%)
Lymphocytes (30%) Monocytes (5%) Of granulocytes - 95% neutrophils, 4% eosinophils, 1% basophils |
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Monocytes and granulocytes are produced where?
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Formed in bone marrow,
stored in bone marrow, released when certain factors are produced |
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Lymphocytes and plasma cells are produced where?
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Produced in lymphogenous tissue,
stored in lymphoid tissue |
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HSC
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hemopoitic stem cell
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What is the makeup of blood?
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55% plasma (which is 90% water)
45% of formed elements (leukocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes) |
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Sickle cell anemia
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glutamine to valine at position 6 of polypeptide chain of hemoglobin. Causes marked decrease in flexibility of affected RBCs
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How long do erythrocites live?
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120 days
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What organs remove RBCs at the end of their lifespan?
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Liver & spleen
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In what way are RBCs "highly specialized"?
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Lose nucleus and organelles
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Erythropoietin
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hormone produced by kidney when blood oxygen levels decline, to stimulate stem cell differentiation into RBCs
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What are the characteristics of neutrophils?
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Most abundant of leukocytes (granulocytes)
Distinguished by multi-lobed nuclei Twice the size of RBCs Usually the first WBCs to arrive on scene of infection Immediately phagocytize microorganisms When lysosomes are used up, neutrophil dies and becomes part of pus |
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What is a pseudopod?
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finger-like projection on a neutrophil indicating that it is following an antigen
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What are the characteristics of eosinophils?
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React to acid dyes
Modulate inflammatory and allergic response Kill parasites Limited capacity to phagocytize bacteria Eosinophils contain proteins cytotoxic for parasites, and are also important for asthmatic symptoms |
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What are the characteristics of basophils?
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Smallest of granulocytes
Contain histamine and herapin (anti-coagulant) Have IgE receptors for activation in allergic reactions, when they degranulate and rupture, causing symptoms associated w/ allergic rxn |
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What are the characteristics of monocytes?
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Phagocytic
Slightly larger than neutrophils U- or kidney-shapped nuclei Use amoeboid motion to chase antigens Monocytes in connective tissue differentiate into macrophates, which remain stationary |
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What type of macrophages (differentiated monocytes) dwell in skin, lungs, liver, brain, and bone?
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histocytes, aveolar macrophages, Kupffer cells, microglia, and osteoclasts
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How do neutrophils and macrophages interact during inflammation?
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Neutrophils release chemicals to attract macrophages (chemotaxis)
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What are the characteristics of lymphocytes?
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2nd most abundant WBC
Most exist in lymphoid organs Attack microbial intruders Not phagocytic Divided into B and T lymphocytes |
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What are the characteristics of T lymphocytes?
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Attack foreign cells directly
Cellular immunity |
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What are the characteristics of B lymphocytes?
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When activated transform into plasma cells, which synthesize and release antibodies
Marks foreign cells for destruction by macrophages |
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Leukocytosis
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Homeostasis of leukocytes
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What is characteristic of leukemia?
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Cancer of WBCs
Leukocytes divide uncontrollably in bone marrow Leads to decline in RBC production and anemia Leads to decline in platelet production, decreases clotting and increases internal bleeding Leukemia WBCs usually undifferentiated, uncapable of fighting infection Treated by irradiating bone marrow Now 3 in 4 kids can survive, better than 1 in 4 only 20 years ago |
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Infectious Mononucleosis
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'Mono' or 'Kissing disease'
Virus transmitted by saliva Virus infects lymphocytes Causes fatigue, aches, sore throats, low-grade fever Rest and liquids while body fights virus |
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What are the characteristics of platelets?
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Formed by fragmentation of huge megakaryocytes
Lack nuclei and organelles Lifespan of 8-12 days Dead platelets removed by macrophages Glycoproteins on surface of cell membrane cause it to adhere to injured areas of vessels (endothelial or collagen) Phospholipids play activating role in blood clotting |
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What are the (6) active factors contained in the cytoplams of platelets, and what do they do?
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(1) Actin and myosin molecules - cause contraction
(2) Residuals of ER and Golgi - synthesize enzymes and store Ca (3) Mitochondrial and enzyme systems - form ATP and ADP (4) Enzyme systems that synthesize prostaglandins (hormones) (5) Fibrin-stabilizing factor (6) Growth factor - stimulate repair to damaged vessels |
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How much plasma is in the body?
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3 L
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How much interstitial fluid is in the body?
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11 L
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How much intracellular fluid is in the body?
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28 L
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Intracellular cations
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Mostly K+
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Intracellular anions
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Mostly PO4- and protein
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Extracellular cations
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Mostly Na+
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Extracellular anions
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Mostly Cl- and HCO3-
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Major non-electrolytes of the plasma in descending order:
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Phospholipids
Cholesterol Neutral fat Glucose Urea Lactic acid |
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Osmosis
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Net diffusion of water from a region of high water concentration to regions of low water concentration
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Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to what?
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Concentration of osmotically active particles in solution
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Isotonic
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Solution has approximately the same osmolarity as the cell, so the cell will not lose or gain water. In the human body, approximately 280 mOsm/L
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Hypertonic
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Solution has higher concentration of solute than cell, causing cell to shrink
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Hypotonic
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Solution has lower concentration of solute than cell, causing cell to swell
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Vasomotion
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Cause of intermittency of blood flow from capillaries to tissues. Intermittent contraction of metarterioles and precapillary sphincters
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Interstitial fluid
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extracellular fluid
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What are the major solid structures of the interstitium?
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(1) Collagen fiber bundles
(2) Proteoglycan filaments which traps most of fluid. This area is called the tissue gel. Liquids mainly diffuse through gel rather than flow. |
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What are the four forces operating on the capillary membrane?
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(1) capillary pressure
(2) interstitial fluid pressure (3) plasma colloid osmotic pressure (4) intersitital fluid colloid osmotic pressure Forces 3 and 4 are greater than 1 and 2 |
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What system allows movement of liquids from interstitium into blood?
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Lymphatic system. It also allows for transport of proteins and large particles away from tissue
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The lymphatic system is functionally related to what two systems?
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circulatory system and immune system
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How is lymph pumped out of lungs and extremities below the heart, where gravity is not the primary motive force?
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Lungs - breathing
Extremities - walking |
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Lymphatic organs
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Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils. They function primarily in immune protection. A lymph node consists of a network of fibers that filter out bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris from lymph. Macrophages line lymphoid channels.
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What are the main events in clotting (4)
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(1) vascular constriction
(2) formation of the platelet plug (3) blood coagulation of the ruptured vessel (4) fibrous organization or dissolution of the blood clot |
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Mechanism of blood coagulation
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Prothrombin converted to Thrombin
Thrombin converts Fibrogin to Fibrogin monomers which form Fibrin fibers. Cross-linking of Fibrin fibers (stabilized by Thrombin). |
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Extrinsic pathway
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Tissue trauma activates Tissue factor, which converts factor VII to VIIa. Factor VIIa and Ca activate factor X, which activates V, which activates Prothrombin activator, which activates prothrombin (IIa)
This causes coagulation to begin. |
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Intrinsic pathway
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Blood trauma or contact w/ collagen activates factor XII, which activates factor XI, which activates factor IX, which activates, through factor VIII, factor X, which activates prothrombin activator.
Residual thrombin from the end of pathway also activates some intermediates. |
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Intravascular coagulants:
endothelial surface factors |
Smooth surface
Glycocalyx prevents binding of clot factors & platelets Thrombomodulin (degrades factors V and VIII) |
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Intravascular coagulants:
Fibrin and antithrombin III |
85% of thrombin binds to fibrin and 15% to antithrombin III
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t-PA
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tissue plasminogin activator, turns plasminogin to plasmin
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plasmin
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Degrades fibrin in clots. Very selectively produced at site of need.
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alpha2-plasmin
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Degrades plasmin when it is no longer needed.
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Conditions that cause excessive bleeding:
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Vitamin K deficiency
Hemophelia (X-linked recessive) Thrombocytopenia |
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embolism
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freely-floating clot
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thrombosis
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abnormal clot in blood vessel
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Anticoagulants for clinical use:
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Heparins
Warfarins Siliconized containers, citrate, oxaloate prevent coagulation outside of body |
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What are the dimensions of RBCs
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Biconcave discs about 7.8 um across, 2.5 um at thickest point and <1 um at thinnest (center).
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Sites of RBC production through life cycle:
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First few weeks - yolk sac
middle trimester - liver last month of gestation - bone marrow age 20 - vertebra, sternum, ribs, illia |
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What is required for maturation of RBCs
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Folic acid and vitamin B12
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pernicious anemia
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RBC maturation failure due to vitamin deficiency
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intrinsic factor (stomach)
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Binds to vitamin B12 to protect it from digestion by pancreatic enzymes, increase absorption in intestines
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Hemoglobin A contains:
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2 alpha and 2 beta chains
Each chain contains 2 heme One heme composed of protoprophyrin IX and Fe |
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Total quantity of iron in body:
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4-5 grams, 65% in hemoglobin, 15-30% in reticuloendothelial system and liver as ferritin
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transport and storage of iron
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see diagram on page 26 of handout
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cellular mechanism of iron absorption
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heme is absorbed in brush border, converted to Fe by Heme oxidase, mobile-ferrin transfers Fe to Transferrin receptor, which couples Fe with transferrin, producing new heme
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Regulation of iron absorption (preventing excess)
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Some iron binds irreversible to ferritin, where it is lost into intestinal lumen and excreted.
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Polycythemia
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Increase in red blood cell production (abnormal), aka erythremia
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Megaloblastic anemia
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pernicious anemia, caused by lack of intrinsic factor.
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hemolytic anemias
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sickle cell, erythroblastosis fetalis
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