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19 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOC)
Centrosome, spindle poles, basal body. Minus end stabilized in the MTOC's
Gamma-TURC
Initiates the process of singlet microtubule formation from the minus end in regards to centriole formation. Has a gamma tubulin unit
Centriole
Triplet microtubules, form mother and daughter centrioles that are perpendicular to each other.
Kinesin Motors
Anterograde movement, towards plus end of microtubule. Stepping cycle between two heads on two swiveling stalks; forward head bind beta tubulin, releases ADP and gets ATP. This causes a conformational change in the neck linker and the rear head swings forward. ATP is hydrolyzed from rear head and process repeats. Direct
Dynein Motors
Retrograde movement, towards minus end. Stem region binds dynactin, and this is what interacts with cargo
 so it is different than kinesin in that it is an indirect interaction. ATPase function on a head region that turns and pulls itself along.
Cilia and Flagella Movement
9 doublet microtubules arranged in circular fashion, with a central pair of singlet microtubules.
 Each doublet has an A and a B tubule. Outer and inner arm dyneins are attached to the A tubule of one doublet and interact with the B tubule of the next doublet. Nexin protein actually connects one doublet to the next. As dyneins pull along one side, the structure gets kinked over, and so on for the other side. This is what creates the whip-like back and forth movement. Problems can cause infertility because
of the sperm and fallopian tubes, hearing, respiration, others.
Nexin
Connects one of nine doublet microtubules in a cilia or flagella to the next
Stages of Mitosis
Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Interphase
Chromosome duplication
Prophase
Breakdown of interphase microtubule display, replacement by mitotic asters. Condensation of chromosomes
Prometaphase
Nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes captured, bi-oriented. NOTE: Some chroms must be pulled one way, others the other way to get them lined up at metaphasic plane. At one side of kinetochore, Kinesin-13 and dynein may be acting to destabilize and shrink, while the other side Kinesins are walking toward positive tip, growing it
Metaphase
Chromosomes aligned at the metaphasic plate
Anaphase
APC/C activated, cohesins degraded.
A. Chrom movement to poles
B. Spindle pole separation
Telophase
Nuclear envelope starts to reassemble, assembly of contractile ring
Cytokinesis
Reformation of interphase microtubule display, contractile ring forms cleavage furrow
Zone of Interdigitation
Region where polar microtubules are overlapping and interacting
3 types mitotic microtubules
1.Polar - from spindle pole to eachother and to telomeres of chroms
2.Kinetochore - from spindle pole to kinetochores of chroms
3.Astral - from spindle pole to the outer plasma membrane, anchoring
Pulling forces on spindle pole
Astral - dyneins walk toward spindle pole from plasma membrane
Polar - Kinesin bind one tubule, walk on other toward positive end
Kinetochore Microtubule Instability & End Capture
There are kinesins actually on the kinetochore, and if they come into contact with the end of a kinetochore microtubule, the kinesin will move towards positive end of tubule and this captures it. If a kinetochore tubule doesn't get captured it will disassemble and then reassemble until it is captured at the kinetochore.