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29 Cards in this Set

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CHEMICAL WARFARE
Chemical Warfare is the employment of chemical agents that are intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate personnel due to their physiological effect.
NERVE AGENTS
Nerve Agents. Liquid casualty agents that disrupt nerve impulses to the body while damaging body functions rather than tissue.
BLISTER AGENTS
Blister Agents. Liquid or solid casualty agents that can cause inflammation, blisters, and general destruction of tissues which often results in temporary blindness and/or death. Examples are Distilled mustard (HD), Lewisite (L), Phosgene Oxime (CX), and Levinstein Mustard (HL).
BLOOD AGENTS
Blood Agents. Gaseous casualty agents that attack the enzymes carrying oxygen in the blood stream. Rapid breathing or choking may occur due to lack of oxygen in the blood. Examples are Hydrogen Cyanide (AC), Cyanogen Chloride (CK), and Arsine (SA).
CHOKING AGENTS
Choking Agents. Gaseous or liquid casualty agents with initial symptoms that include; tears, dry throat, nausea, vomiting, and headache. The lungs can become filled with fluid, making the victim feel as if they are drowning, causing breathing to become rapid and shallow. Examples are Phosgene (CG) and Diphosgene
M9 CHEMICAL AGENT DETECTOR PAPER
Detects the presence of liquid chemical agents by turning a red or reddish color, it does not detect chemical agent vapors.
ATROPINE/2-PAM-CHLORIDE AUTO INJECTOR
Used as specific therapy for nerve agent casualties, they are issued for intramuscular injection, self-aid or first aid.
BIOLOGICAL WARFARE
Biological Warfare is the use of agents to cause disease, sickness, or death to reduce the effectiveness of opposing combatant forces is. The basic division in biological agents is between pathogens and toxins.
PATHOGENS
Pathogens. The pathogens that could be used as biological agents include bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, fungi, protozoa and prions.
TOXINS
Toxins. The categorization of toxins is based on the organisms (source) that produce them and the physiological affects the toxins cause in humans.
MYCOTOXINS
The major groupings by source are mycotoxins (which are from fungi), bacterial toxins, algal toxins, animal venoms and plant toxins.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
The primary groups based on physiological effects are neurotoxins, cytotoxins, enterotoxins and dermatoxins.
INDIVIDUAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (IPE) FOR CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL WARFARE
Training and awareness of personnel is the primary way to limit the chemical and biological warfare impact. To accomplish this all personnel shall have access to IPE while in the workstations and be aware of ventilation controls, fittings, and closures that must be set immediately prior to an attack.
The decision to employ IPE is the most important decision in the risk management of chemical agent environments. This is due to extended wearing of various items of IPE will result in varying degrees of degradation to individual performance.
Medical self-treatment supplies are not considered IPE but are provided to complement the individual protection capability.
The phased employment of IPE is specified by the increasingly stringent levels of MOPP, maintaining the proper MOPP level as dictated by the tactical situation and environment is paramount.
IPE FOR CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL AGENT ENVIRONMENTS CONSISTS OF:
- Protective mask MCU-2P with components (C-2 canister filter)
- Advanced chemical protective garment (ACPG)
- Chemical protective gloves and liners
- Chemical protective overboots and laces
- Skin decontamination kit
RADIOLOGICAL WARFARE
Radiological Warfare is the deliberate use of radiological weapons to produce widespread injury and death of all life.
HIGH ALTITUDE AIR BURST
High altitude air burst occurs at altitudes in excess of 100,000 feet, with ionosphere disruptions and EMP.
AIR BURST
Air burst where fireball does not reach the surface. The vacuum created collects debris caused by the severe blast damage resulting in radiation fallout.
SURFACE BURST
Surface Burst has the worst fallout due to the fireball touching the surface which results in massive radioactive fallout.
SHALLOW UNDERWATER BURST
Shallow underwater burst has a small fireball and blast wave however, it causes large waves and water contamination.
DEEP UNDERWATER BURST
Deep underwater burst is similar to the shallow underwater burst but with less visual effect and yields greater contaminated water.
READY-SHELTER(SHIP)
Ready-shelter stations are just inside the weather envelope, with access to deep shelter. They provide minimum shielding from nuclear radiation and allow the crew to remain close to battle stations.
DEEP-SHELTER(SHIP)
Deep-shelter stations are low in the ship and near the centerline. They provide maximum shielding from nuclear radiation, often requiring personnel to be far removed from battle stations.
DT-60 DOSIMETER
DT-60 dosimeter is a non-self reading high range casualty dosimeter, which has to be placed in a special radiac computer-indicator to determine the total amount of gamma radiation to which the wearer is exposed in the 0-600 roentgens.
MISSION ORIENTED PROTECTIVE POSTURE (MOPP)
MOPP is a management tool that is used to coordinate the use of systems and equipment in Chemical or Biological environment. Full protective clothing and equipment will not be necessary in all CB threat scenarios and using the full IPE could result in unacceptable personnel performance degradation.
MOPP LEVEL 0
Issue IPE, accessible within five minutes.
MOPP LEVEL 1
- Afloat. JSLIST, MASK, Gloves readily accessible.
- Ashore. Don protective equipment, M9 tape.
MOPP LEVEL 2
- Afloat. Mask carried, decon supplies stage.
- Ashore. Additional to level 1 is don protective over-boots.
MOPP LEVEL 3
- Afloat. GQ, install filters, don over-boots.
- Ashore. fill canteens, activate decon stations.
MOPP LEVEL 4
- Afloat. Don mask/hood, gloves, Circle William, countermeasure washdown.
- Ashore. Gloves with liners, untie bow in retention cord, loop between legs and secure to web belt.