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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cutoffs for TC
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<200: desirable
240+: Hyperchol |
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Cutoffs for LDL
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<100: Optimal
190+: High |
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HDL Cutoffs
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<40: Low = risk factor for CHD
>60: High |
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Cholesterol synthesis:
Exogenous vs Endogenous PWs |
LIVER!!
Exog: Chylomicrons Endog: VLDL |
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Heterozygote LDL-r mutation vs Homozygot LDL-r mutation
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Hetero: reduced LDL-r's (higher chol)
Homo: no LDL-r's (XANTHOMAS! chol collections) |
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HgA1c measures what?
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indication of glucose for past few weeks (glycoslyation of Hg due to glucose presence)
Elevated HgA1c-->increased risk |
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Effects of Lp(a)
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Similar to plasminogen
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Effect of elevated homocysteine levels; cause?
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Linked to premature vasc dz; lack Folate, B6, B12 (methionine overload)
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Clinical significance of C-reactive protein?
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Strong predictor of risk of MI, stroke, peripheral vasc dz
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Effect of statins on CRP levels?
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Statins decrease CRP levels; beneficial beyong reducing cholesterol levels!
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Function of scavenger receptors?
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Allow macs to engulf oxidized LDL's and become FOAM CELLS
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What is fatty streak? Due to?
Lesion prognosis? |
Fatty Streak = expansion of INTIMA due to recruitment of macs, leukos, smooth muscle cells when binding LDL
EARLY type of lesion, doesn't have to progress to atherosclerotic plaque |
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How does a necrotic lipid core form?
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Continued consum
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Why do oxidized LDL's result in recruitment of more leukocytes?
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Cause direct damage to endothelium
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What is an acute plaque change?
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plaque disruption due to hemorrhage, ulceration of fibrous cap, thrombosis
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How does an aneurysm arise?
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Thinning of media, weakening of intima, rupture of intima, fibrous cap open, get GRUEL in bloodstream
Immediate formn of THROMBUS in lumen-->MI (due to HEMOSTASIS: stopping blood flow) |
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What makes a plaque vulnerable?
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Thin fibrous cap
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What are the microscopic changes associated with MI? Give timespan.
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Loss of nuclei (eosinophilia): within 12-18º
Wavy fibers within 4-12º Macs: 7-10 days Collagen, angiogenesis: 3 weeks |
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What are the gross changes of MI? Give timespan.
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None in first 24º
1-3 Days: Mottling (yellow) 5-7 Days: Hyperemic rim (acute inflammn) Months: Scar tissue |
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Suffix for benign tumors. Exceptions.
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-omas (for tumors of mesenchymal origin)
Malignant omas: Hepatoma Seminoma Melanoma Lymphoma Mesothelioma Myoeloma |
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Prefix for benign:
glandular cancer finger like cancer cancer on mucosal surface hollow cystic mass |
adenoma
papilloma polyp cystadenoma |
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Carvinoma vs Sarcome
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Carcinoma: Malignant and EPITHELIAL origin; Lung, Breast, Colon, Bladder, Prostate
Sarcoma: Malignant tumor of MESENCHYMAL origin (bone, cartilage, fat, CAT, muscle) |
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What is a leukemia?
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Cancer of bone marrow
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Define anaplastic.
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Un-dx/dy
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Do malignant tumors always have to be anaplastic?
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No, can be differentiated!
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Grade vs Stage
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Grade is a measure of dx/dy
Stage is a measure of invasion |
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What are cell features of anaplasia?
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Lack of dx/dy:
Lose polarity HYPERCHROMATIC nucleues; large nucleus (mitoses) Diff in size/shape |
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What is a tumor giant cell?
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Fusing of tumor cells into a TUMOR GIANT CELL; no macs, just tumor cells!!
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How does a benign tumor differ from a malignant tumor in terms of invasion?
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Benign tumors do not invade; they are encapsulated
Malignant tumors are invasic |
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What are the cellular characteristics of malignancy?
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Loss of polarity
Hyperchromasia Pleiomorphism, prominent nucleoli Mitoses! (tripolar spindles) |
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What is dysplasia? Example?
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Disordered growth; may precede malignancy or regress
Ex: Mild cervical dysplasia: detected by PAP smear Ex: Severe Dysplasia (carcinoma in situ); full thickness dysplasia but basement membrane not crossed (NO INVASION!) |
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Top three cancers in men and women?
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Men: Lung/bronchus, Prostate, Colon
Women: Lung/bronchus, Breast, Colon |
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Cutoff for TC:HDL?
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>4.5 is HIGH
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