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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the two sources of CSF production?
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choroid plexus, ependyma
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what are the two sources of CSF production?
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choroid plexus, ependyma
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how does normal pressure hydrocephalus present?
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characteristic triad: gait disturbance, dementia, urinary incontinence
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how do barbiturates work in epilepsy?
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inhibit excitatory transmitter release, activating GABA receptors, enhancing GABA action
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how does carbamazepine work?
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lits firing frequency of neurons, enhances GABA action, activates adenosine receptors
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how does normal pressure hydrocephalus present?
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characteristic triad: gait disturbance, dementia, urinary incontinence
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how do barbiturates work in epilepsy?
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inhibit excitatory transmitter release, activating GABA receptors, enhancing GABA action
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what structures of the brainstem may be involved if a patient has dysphonia
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nucleus ambiguous, corticobulbar tract
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what is the usual cause of vertigo, vomiting and nausea in brainstem lesions?
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vestibular nuclei (or area prostrema)
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what is the cardinal sign of a brainstem lesion?
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loss of pain & temp from contralateral body, loss of pain & temp from ipsilateral head
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what are the three most common causes of bacterial meningitis?
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H. influenzae, S. pneumonia, N. meningitidis
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what are the common pathogens in adult maningitis?
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N. meningitidis, s. pneumonia
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what are the consequences of loss of intercostal muscle function?
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diphragmatic breathing, impairment of coughing and effective clearance of secretions (commonly leads to atelectasis), V/Q mismatch
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what is the sensory pattern of loss in a spinal cord lesion?
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loss of pain and temp contralaterally, loss of tactile ipsilaterally
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what are the common pathogens in neonatal meningitis?
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E.coli, listeria, group b strep
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which two events are involved in the micturition reflex?
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relaxation of external urethral sphincter via inhibition of somatic efferents, contraction of detrusor via parasymp activation
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what are the two types of neurones?
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projections (make the message), interneurones (modify the message)
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what is the function of astrocytes?
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nourishment of neurones, synapse cleaner, relationship with blood vessels - plug leaks
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what do oligodendrocytes do?
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make myelin, anti-regeneration
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what is the role of microglia?
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phagocytosis, anti-inflamm/immune response, "brain policeman"
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which receptors sense proprioception?
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muscle spindles, joint receptors, Golgi tendon organs
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what are the common pathogens in adult maningitis?
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N. meningitidis, s. pneumonia
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what has been found to be associated with poor adjustment to spinal injury?
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despondency, grieving, chronic pain
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what is associated with good outcome after SCI?
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young age, female sex, higher education level, ability to relate well, confidence in one's mastery over environment
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destruction of which elements of neurones leads to death of the neurone?
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soma, axon
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what are the two types of neurones?
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projections (make the message), interneurones (modify the message)
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what are the tactile receptors?
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Meissner (touch, pressure), Pacinian (deep pressure, vibration), Ruffini (stretch), Merkel (touch, pressure)
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what are the four types of drug target protein?
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ion channels, receptors, enzymes, transport proteins
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what are the four main types of receptors?
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ionotropic, G-protein coupled, kinase linked, nuclear
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what are the causes of congenital hydrocephalus?
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aqueduct stenosis, communicating myelomeningoceles
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what are the causes of acquired hydrocephalus in newborns?
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intraventricular haemorrhage of prematurity, meningitis
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what are the causes of hydrocephalus in adults?
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meningitis, haemorrhage, tumour (blocking outflow of CSF), surgery, aqueduct stenosis (LOVA), idiopathic
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