Block 5: Sf

Front 1

what does the wolffian duct differentiate into in males?

Back 1

Wolffian ducts differentiate into several parts of the male sexual system. The anterior portion of the Wolffian ducts differentiate into the epididymis. The posterior portion of the Wolffian duct differentiates into the bud which will form the seminal vesicles.

Front 2

what is meant by the term emission?

Back 2

Deposition of seminal fluid components into posterior urethra

Front 3

Which of the following, is the secondary sex gland associated with the production of fructose and prostaglandins?

Back 3

seminal vesicles

Front 4

Increasing Sertoli cell numbers leads to an increase in

testosterone or spermatazoa

Back 4

spermatazoa

Front 5

the urogenital sinus differentiates into what with respect to the male?

Back 5

prostate

Front 6

when is the genotype determined?

phenotype?

Back 6

genotype: fertilization

pheno: week 6-7 (from indifferent gonad stage)

Front 7

describe how primordial germ cells reach the gonadal cords/ridges. when does it happen?

Back 7

week 5: migrate from yolk sac to allantois to dorsal mesentary of hindgut

week 6: incorparated into gonadal cords from gonadal ridges

Front 8

what is the principle difference between the genital ridges of males and females

Back 8

influence of Sry gene (TDF)

presence: testes

absence: ovaries

Front 9

what do the different parts of the testicular sex cords develop into?

Back 9

outer: seminiferous tubules

inner: meshlike rete testes

Front 10

describe the levels of TDF and MIF in males and females

Back 10

males: both high

females: both low

Front 11

what are some factors that influence intermediate mesoderm developing into the indifferent gonad?

Back 11

Wt-1

SF-1

Lim-1

Front 12

Once the testes is developed, what is need to make Sertoli Cells.

once active, what do sertoli cells do?

Back 12

Sox-9/Fgf-9!!!!

-induce migration of mesenchymal cells from mesonephros into testis

-inhibitatory signals for meiosis

-SECRETE MIH

-(puberty)secrete ABF

Front 13

how are the uterus and uterine tubes differentiated embryologically?

Back 13

paramesopnephric duct

caudal parts that fuse: uterus

cranial parts that dont fuse: uterine tubes

Front 14

generally speaking, when differentiating between regession and differentiation of male and female ducts/tubules, which gender is active and which is passive?

Back 14

male: active

female: passive

Front 15

which part is dominant in each (cortex or medulla)?

ovary and testes?

Back 15

ovary: cortex

testes: medullA

Front 16

when does gonadal descent happen?

when is descent into scrotum?

Back 16

week 10-14

month 7

Front 17

describe the origin of the suspensory ligament of ovary

ovarian ligament

round ligament of uterus

Back 17

suspensory lig: cranial to ovary, diaphragmatic ligament of mesonephros

caudal gonadal ligament ( inguinal ligament); superior portion is ovarian ligament and inferior portion round lig of uterus and inferior portion is

Front 18

what blocks FGF-9/Sox9 in females so that the undifferentiated gonad turns into an ovary

Back 18

Wnt-4

Front 19

males and female differentiation:

primordial germ cells

sex cords

Back 19

pimordial: spermatazoa in males, ova in females

sex cords: primary cords in males are seminiferous tubules (precursors to Sertoli)

sex cords female: secondary are follicular (granulosa cells)

Front 20

males and female differentiation:

mesonephric tubules

mesonephric ducts

paramesonephric duct

Back 20

female: mesonephros degenerates

male tubules: efferent ductules, paraepididymis

male ducts (wolfian): appendix of epididymis, epididymal duct, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct

female paramesonephros: uterine tubes, uterus, upper 2/3 vag

male paramesonephros: degenerates

Front 21

males and female differentiation:

lower urogential sinus

upper urogenital sinus

Back 21

male lower: penile urethra

female lower: lower bag, vaginal vestibule



male upper: bladder/prostatic urethra

female upper: bladder, urethra

Front 22

males and female differentiation:

genital tubercle

genital folds

genital swellings

Back 22

tubercle: penis, clit

folds: floor of urethra, labia minora

swellings: scrotum, labia majora

Front 23

what is Androgen Insensitivity syndrome?

Back 23

testicular feminization

mutated androgen receptors

Front 24

what is cryptochidism?

congential inguinal hernia?

Back 24

faulty testicular descent

persistant

Front 25

what germ layer do gonads come from?

Back 25

intermediate mesoderm

Front 26

Hypospadias vs. epispadias

Back 26

Hypo: unfused urogenital sinus (ventral hole)

Epi: opening on dorsal side of penis

Front 27

what is congential adrenal hypoplasia?

Back 27

abnormalities in external genetalia, increase in androgens from adrenal cortex

mutation in P450 enzymes

Front 28

what kind of gland is the breast?

how is it classified?

Back 28

exocrine gland

compound tubuloacinar gland

Front 29

describe the development of breasts in males and females

Back 29

begins week 4

male puberty: decreased development of tubuloacinar endpiece (b/c of T)

female pubert: estrogen and progesterone; elongate, branch and form precurors to secretory acincar cells

Front 30

describe the induction of breast development in the embryollogical state.

Back 30

week 4: ectoderm thickening on ventral wall which persist only as mammary buds in the pectoral region (week 6)

somites secrete FGF which activates WNT signlaing

ectoderm thickens in response, forming focal placades @ gland sites

this signals mesenchyme to thicken in rings

Front 31

differentiate the following:

polymastia (amastia)

polythelia (athelia)

Back 31

mast: breast tissue

thel: nipple

Front 32

desribe how the breast test changes during each trimester of pregnancy.

what are the contents of witch's milk?

Back 32

1st trimester: cords w/o lumen (mammary pit)

2nd trimester: each cord becomes lactiferous duct; mesenchyme develops

birth: breasts responsive to maternal lactogenic hormoenes

infant nipple discharge: alpha lactalbumin, fat, WBC

Front 33

FACT/FICTION:

lots of cords that turn into lactiferous ducts

each lactiferous duct forms a sinus

Back 33

only 9-10 ducts

sinuses don't exist

Front 34

what is contained in a lobe?

lobule?

TDLU?

Back 34

lobe: everything upstream of duct (dense CT covers loose CT)

lobule: 3 TDLu

TDLU: drains into primary branch; surrounded by loose CT

Front 35

describe the cyclic changes of breasts.

Back 35

follicular stage: simple TDLU

estrogen spikes

luteal phase: (progesterone increases) TDLU #/lobule # increase, increase in vacuoles, loose CT increases

menses (decreased estrogen/progesterone), apoptotic death of TD cells

Front 36

what are the age affects on breast ducts?

Back 36

adult female: not pregnant; TDLU 20% mass (decreased dense CT as age increases)

lactating: 80% of mass

post menopause: atrophied/absent TDLU

Front 37

how do milk proteins and lipids differ in secretion type?

Back 37

protein: merocrine, lipids: apocrine

Front 38

how do Bcasein levels change at involution?

TIMPs?

MMPs?

Back 38

B casein: decreases

MMP: increases (remodels collagen in stroma)

TIMPs: spikes at involution then is repressed

Front 39

what kinds of glands are in the aerolar area?

what fills nipple hole when a woman isn't lactating?

Back 39

sebaceous glands

kerratin plug

Front 40

what is the difference between dimpling and retracted nipple?

Back 40

dimpling: tension in suspensory ligaments

retracted nipple: tension in lactiferous ducts

Front 41

In the development of the testes, which cells gives rise to spermatogonia?

Back 41

Primordial germ cells from the yolk sac

Front 42

what is the lining of the female ovary

Back 42

mesothelium on the outside (simple cuboidal)

tunica albuginea just deep to that

Front 43

what stimulates development of primordial follicle?

Back 43

FSH

Front 44

what is the difference btw primordial follicle and primary follicle (uni and multilayered)?

Back 44

primordial: squamous follicular cells

primary unilayered: columnar, ZP begins to form

primary multilayered: SP thickens, multiple layers of follicular cells, Theca cells form

Front 45

which type of theca cell secretes a steroid precursor? which one?

Back 45

theca intera

androstenedione

Front 46

what can be said of the theca externa

Back 46

continuous with ovarian stroma, vascularized

Front 47

what is the difference between primary follicle and secondary?

Back 47

secondary: 2 thecal layers, vesicular antrum holes form

Front 48

what separates granulosa cells from theca cells

Back 48

basal lamina

Front 49

what is the difference between secondary follicle and fraffian follicle?

what about with respect to receptors

Back 49

large mature antrum, cumulus oophorus, gain LH receptors

Front 50

how do OMI and MPF affect oocyte meiosis?

Back 50

OMI: transfered to oocyte via gap jns to PREVENT MEIOSIS

MPF: induced to complete meiotic prophase (result is 1st polar pody)

Front 51

what is the purpose of FLC and TLC of corpus luteum

Back 51

FSH stimulates secretion of progesterone and estradiol from FLC

LH stimulates secretion of progesterone and androstein from TLC

Front 52

regression of corpus luteum results in...

Back 52

corpus albigans

Front 53

what two types of cells are found in the oviduct?

Back 53

ciliated cells: beat towards uterus (dependent on estrogen)

peg cells: non ciliated cells that provide nutrients to the egg during migration

Front 54

what are the histological differences between proliferative endometrium and secretory endometrium?

Back 54

lamina propria:

proliferative: compact, secretory: edematous

endometrial glands:

proliferative: straight, secretory: coiled

Front 55

how does endometrium change in the proliferative phase?

lamina propria
epithulum mitotic activity
gland structure

Back 55

lamina propria transforms from compacted to more edematous

epithelium becomes more mitotically active

glands change from short/narrow to striaght to more torturous

Front 56

describe what happens as the secretory phase occurs?

deposits
stromal changes

Back 56

glycogen deposits in basal gland cells (via progesterone)

sprial arteries form

stromal undergoes decidual transformation

Front 57

describe the epithelium of the cervix.

what kind of cyst blocks the cervix?

Back 57

mucous-secreting columnar epithelium

eternal os: stratified squamous

lots of branched glands (DILATED GLANDS!!!!)

nabothian cysts

Front 58

how does estrogen affect vag epithelium?

Back 58

increases glycogen production

bacteria in vag eat the glycogen and from lactic acid as a result--->acidic vag to kill some organisms

Front 59

what is the purpose of decidual cells?

Back 59

modulate trophoblast cell invasion

provide nutrients to developing embryo

prevent immunologic rejection

produces prolactin and IGF bp (receptors for estrogens and progesterone)

Front 60

describe the ampulla of the oviduct

Back 60

Note that the mucosa (epithelium + lamina propria) is highly folded. The epithelium is simple columnar and ciliated. Peg cells are hard to find in this image. You can see a well defined, inner circular layer of the muscularis in the lower magnification image.

Front 61

between trophoblast and chorion, differentiate their function.

Back 61

trophoblast: basic parenchyma of placenta (epithelium fn.)

chorion: mesenchymal function

Front 62

what are the trophoblastic surfaces of fetal chorionic villi in direct contact with maternal blood?

Back 62

hemochorial trophoblast

Front 63

what kind of trophoblast vgives rise to chorionic villi?

what kind of trophoblast penentrates decidua?

what kind of trophoblast penetrates mom's spiral arteries?

Back 63

chorionic villi: villous

decidua: interstitial extravillous

spiral arteries: endovascular extravillous

Front 64

differentiate the 5 types of villi

Back 64

mesenchymal

immature

stem

mature intermediate

terminal

mesenchymal: before week 4

immature: hofbaur cells, large bulbous

stem: largest, dense stroma

mature intermediate: long, slender loose stroma (small

terminal: most vascularization

Front 65

what is the cotyledon?

Back 65

tree, branches and surrounding baternal blood from intervillous space

Front 66

umbilical cord development is related to the development of what structure?

Back 66

amnion

Front 67

differentiate the fetal glut transporters.

Back 67

glut1 (steroselective, only D): important throughout pregnancy

glur 3,4,12: only important in 1st trimester

Front 68

what is the only fetal-derived cell in direct contact with maternal tissues?

Back 68

trophoblast

Front 69

what part of embryo produces hCG?

Back 69

synsytiotrophoblast

Front 70

what makes up the chorionic plate?

Back 70

outer layer of extraembryonic mesoderm

cyto

synstyio

Front 71

how is the dcidua vera formed?

Back 71

decidua capsularis grows into parietalis

Front 72

where do chorionic frondosum and levi come from?

Back 72

frondosum: decidual basalis (mom/fetus exchange_

levI: decidual capsularis: free edge

Front 73

what are the 3 stages of placental vascular growth?

Back 73

vasculogenesis (blastocyst-->angiogenic precurorsors) FGF VEGF

angio I (activation): angioblast cell cords to endothelial precursos

angiogenesis II: remodeling to make vessel networks

Front 74

when does angiogenesis occur in the placenta

Back 74

week 12

Front 75

what induces VEGF expression?

Back 75

hypoxia

Front 76

as it relates to placental vasoreactivty what are the vasodilators?

Back 76

NO ANP PG12

Front 77

Ang II, TXA2, 5HT, ROS and ET-1 all do what to placental vasoreactivity

Back 77

vacoconstrictors

Front 78

what is important to know about chymase:

Back 78

can cleave Angio I to make Angio II

so it is increasingly found in women with preeclampsia

Front 79

what is important about Angiopoitin/Tie system?

Back 79

tyrosine kinase binding

controls endothelial cell survival/differentiation

critical that it is coexpressed with VEGF