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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What age groups are often affected by falls?
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< 15 y.o.
> 65 y.o |
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Contusions are damage to what?
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Damage to the brain surface
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Where in the skull do linear fractures occur?
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In the cranial vault, between bony ridges of the skull
And/or across the base of the skull |
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What is a contrecoup fracture?
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Fracture on the opposite side of the skull from the impact
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Epidural hematomas involve damage to what artery?
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Middle meningeal
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What are the most common locations of contusions?
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Inferior front "tips" of frontal and temporal lobes
Inferior/lateral surface of the temporal lobes Occipital pole Progressively less common, "further up and down" brain (pic in slides) |
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What is a depressed fracture?
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Fracture of the skull, in which a fragment is depressed (pushed in)
Often entails a scalp laceration |
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What is a coup lesion?
What is a contrecoup lesion? |
Contusion AT SITE of impact
Contusion at the OPPOSITE SIDE from impact |
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What is a hematoma?
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A collection of blood OUTSIDE of a blood vessel
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What area do epidural hematomas most commonly occur in?
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Parieto-temporal region
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Subdural hematomas most commonly involve damage to what?
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Bridging veins
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How do epidural and subdural hematomas compare?
(with regards to time frame) |
Epidural -- acute
Subdural -- acute/subacute/chronic (LESS acute than epidural) |
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What area do subdural hematomas most commonly occur in?
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Over the cerebral convexities
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Where do intraparenchymal hematomas commonly occur (3)?
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Cortex (assoc. w/ contusions)
Frontal & temporal lobes Intraventricular extensions |
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Subarachnoid hemorrhages most commonly involve damage to what?
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Cortico-meningeal arteries
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What is the time frame for intraparenchymal hematomas to present?
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Commonly delayed
> 24 hours following trauma |
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What structures are particularly susceptible to diffuse axonal injury?
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Hemispheric white matter
Corpus callosum Internal capsule White matter tracts of brain stem |
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In diffuse vascular injury, what happens in the ACUTE phase?
Where? |
Small petechial hemorrhages
Same locations as diffuse axonal injury |
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In Diffuse Vascular Injury, what happens in the CHRONIC phase?
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Glial scarring and development of cystic lesions
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What is diffuse axonal injury?
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Acute stretching of axons (long tracts)
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What is diffuse vascular injury?
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Stretching of microvessels
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What is a penetrating injury?
A perforating injury? |
Something enters the skull, injuring it, but does NOT exit
Something enters and exits the skull |
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Comparison of entrance and exit wound if:
Contact from CLOSE to the head Contact from FAR from the head |
Close -- Entrance > Exit
Far -- Exit > Entrance |
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Difference in timing, etc. of injury by low vs. high velocity bullets
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LOW vel. -- compression and herniation slightly delayed
(due to buildup of edema & hemorrhage) HIGH vel. -- immediate compression and herniation (due to shockwave of bullet passing through) |
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Demographic most commonly incurring spinal cord injuries
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50% of pts. are < 25 y.o.
80% are male |
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Of those who die from spinal cord injury, when do most die?
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50% die within the 1st month
(NOTE: only 10% of SC injury pts. die, most survive) |
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What happens within minutes to hours after traumatic neuronal damage (4)?
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Release of serum proteins and proteinases
Neuronal & glial ischemia (due to vascular damage) Free radical generation Lipid hydrolysis |
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What happens within hours to days after traumatic neuronal damage (2)?
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Excitotoxic cell death
Progressive inflammatory reaction |
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What happens within days to months after traumatic neuronal damage (2)?
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Neurodegeneration
Astrocytic activation & chronic glial scarring |
