Block 3

Front 1

Parallels of latitude run

Back 1

East and west

Front 2

Meridians of longitude run

Back 2

north and south and connect earth's poles

Front 3

A great circle is formed

Back 3

On the surface of a sphere by the intersection of a plane that passes through the center of the sphere; such a circle on the surface of the earth an arc of which connecting two terrestrial points constitutes the shortest distance on the earth's surface between them

Front 4

The equator measures...

Back 4

North-south distances

*is a great circle*

Front 5

Great circle

Back 5

Equator

Also any two opposing meridians of longitude make a great circle (each meridian is half of a g.c.)

Front 6

Parallels of latitude are a series of smaller _________ circles refered to as small circles

Back 6

East-west

Front 7

Parallels of latitude are

Back 7

Parallel to the Equator

Used to measure distances north and south of the equator

North pole is 90° north lat.

South pole is 90° south lat.

Front 8

Longitude lines are used to measure angular distances....

Back 8

East and west of the PM

0° - 180° east and west

180° east longitude and 180° west longitude are the same Meridian

Front 9

The places where Meridians and parallels cross are called

Back 9

Coordinates

Front 10

Coordinates are used for:

Back 10

Pilot charts, blocks of airspace, & airborne navigation systems

*they are written in ATC without degree or minute symbology and do not include seconds

Front 11

Circular measurement

Back 11

A circle = 360°

1° = 60' (minutes)

60' = 60" (seconds (

Front 12

Lattitude can not be used as a scale to measure distance except at the

Back 12

Equator

Front 13

1 minute of latitude is equal to

Back 13

1NM (measured along a line of longitude)

Front 14

*when coordinates are used to define a position, is latitude or longitude stated first?*

Back 14

Latitude

Front 15

*the reference line for measuring north-south distances is the ______*

Back 15

Equator

Front 16

*How many minutes are there in 1° of latitude?*

Back 16

60 minutes

Front 17

A great circle route is

Back 17

The shortest distance between two points on a sphere

-most direct route

-saves time and fuel

-crosses every meridian at different angle (constantly changing true direction)

Front 18

A rhumn line

Back 18

Is a line which makes the same angles with each meridian of longitude and is longer than a great circle route

-constant heading

-more time & fuel

-easier to navigate

Front 19

1 NM =

Back 19

1.15 SM

Front 20

1 SM =

Back 20

0.87 NM

Front 21

NMs and Kts are universal in ATC

Back 21

NMs and Kts are universal in ATC

Front 22

Conversion factors

Back 22

NM x 1.15 = SM

SM x .87 = NM

Front 23

Coordinated universal time (UTC) is also known as

Back 23

Zulu time

-used by the FAA for all operations but local time may be used in VFR

Front 24

There are ___ standard time zones. name them

Back 24

4

-eastern

-central

-Mountain

-pacific

Front 25

Each time zone is divided into ___° of L_______

Back 25

15° of

Longitude

Front 26

Time is in Local standard time (LST) OR

Back 26

Daylight savings time (DST)

Front 27

The unit of measurement which equals 1 NM is ___SM

Back 27

1.15

Front 28

A time zone is established for every

Back 28

15° of Longitude

Front 29

U.S. time conversion factors

Back 29

Eastern = +5 hrs.

Central = +6

Mountain = +7

Pacific = +8

Alaska = +9

Hawaii = + 10

Front 30

When DST is in effect, subtract 1 hr from the time conversion factors

Back 30

Eastern = +4 hrs.

Central = +5

Mountain = +6

Pacific = +7

Alaska = +8

Hawaii = + 9

Front 31

DST starts at _____ the 2nd Sunday in March, and ends at _____ the 1st Sunday in November

Back 31

2am

2am

*some locations do not switch to DST

Front 32

Indicated airspeed (IAS)

Back 32

-shown on the a/c indicator

-used in pilot/controller communications

Front 33

True airspeed (TAS)

Back 33

-relative to undisturbed air mass

Used in:

-flight planning

-en route portion of flight

Front 34

Ground speed (GS)

Back 34

The speed of an a/c relative to the surface of the earth is true airspeed corrected fir the effects of wind

Front 35

Mach number (MACH)

Back 35

-ratio of true airspeed to the speed of sound, expressed in decimal form

- example Mach 0.82

Front 36

For a constant true airspeed, the indicated airspeed ______ with altitude and temperature

Back 36

Decreases

Front 37

In less dense air at higher altitudes, fewer air molecules enter the a/c's pitot tube, resulting in a _____ indicated airspeed

Back 37

Lower

Front 38

At high altitudes, an a/c's indicated airspeed is significantly _____than its true airspeed

Back 38

Lower

Front 39

Air becomes _____ dense as temperature increases

Back 39

Less

Front 40

An increase in temperature has the same effect on speed as an ______ in altitude

Back 40

Increase

Front 41

Unlike the effects of altitude on speed, the differenfe between IAS and TAS caused by changes in temperature are relatively ______ and are ________ to a controller

Back 41

Unlike the effects of altitude on speed, the differenfe between IAS and TAS caused by changes in temperature are relatively small and are less significant to a controller

Front 42

Time =

Back 42

Distance/Speed

Divide time by 60 to get decimals

Note: 2.5 hrs is expressed as 2 +30 in ATC

Front 43

Speed

Back 43

Speed = Distance/Time

Front 44

Distance

Back 44

Distance = speed x time

Front 45

Like units for time, speed, distance

Back 45

NM and Knots

SM and MPH

Front 46

Wind

Back 46

Is a mass of air moving over the Earth's surface in a definite direction

-it is stated to include direction and velocity

Front 47

Wind does nof affect _____ airspeed, but it does affect __________

Back 47

Wind does NOT affect true air speed, but it does affect ground speed

Hint 47

Front 48

True course

Back 48

Represents the intended path of the a/c over the Earth's surface

Front 49

True heading = true course corrected for wind

Back 49

TH = TC +- WCA

-the pilot attempts to fly true course

-the wind pushes a/c off course

-the track over the ground is not desired one

-the difference is called drift angle

Front 50

Wind correction angle (WCA)

Back 50

The resulting angle when a pilot corrects heading toward direction from which the wind is coming

coming

coming

Front 51

It is the controller's responsibility to compensate for wind speed and direction when:

Back 51

-formulating estimates

-issuing radar vectors

Front 52

The WAC is 20° and true course is 090° what is true heading?

Back 52

TH= 90-20

TH = 70°

Front 53

Variation is

Back 53

The angular difference between true north and magnetic north

-measured in degrees from true north

Front 54

Isogonic lines are

Back 54

Lines of equal difference between true and magnetic north

Front 55

Agonic means

Back 55

Agonic line connects points of zero variation

-there is only 1 agonic line

Front 56

Magnetic heading is

Back 56

Magnetic heading is true heading corrected for vatiation

MH = TH + - VAR

Front 57

________ headings are used in pilot and controller communications

Back 57

Magnetic headings are used in pilot and controller communications

Front 58

For _____ variation, subtract degrees of variation

For ______ variation, add degrees of variation

Back 58

For east variation, subtract degrees of variation.

For west variation, add degrees of variation

Front 59

The error of a magnetic compass due to magnetic influence in the structure and the equipment of an a/c is called

Back 59

Deviation

-magnetic compass error may change as the a/c heading changes

Front 60

_______ heading is the magnetic heading corrected for deviation

Back 60

Compass heading is the magnetic heading corrected for deviation

CH= MH + - DEV

Front 61

The angular difference between the true north and magnetic north at any given place is called

Back 61

Variation

Front 62

A line of equal magnetic variation is called

Back 62

An isogonic line

Front 63

What term defines a magnetic compass error that is caused by materials within the a/c which possess magnetic properties?

Back 63

Magnetic deviation

Front 64

True heading is true course corrected for the effects of

Back 64

Wind

Front 65

What is navigation of an a/c solely by means of computations based on airspeed, course, heading, wind direction, and speed, ground speed, and elapsed time

Back 65

Dead reckoning is navigation of an a/c solely by means of computations based on airspeed, course, heading, wind direction, and speed, ground speed, and elapsed time

-done with or without reference to the ground

Front 66

is the determination of position by identification of landmarks from their representation on a chart

Back 66

Pilotage is the determination of position by identification of landmarks from their representation on a chart

-pilot flies landmark to landmark by visual references

-useful only in VFR wx

Front 67

Navigation by reference to visible landmarks is called

Back 67

Pilotage

Front 68

What method of navigation reauires having to fly a predetermined course, taking into account the effects of wind?

Back 68

Deadreckoning