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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the mechanism of caffeine?
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Raise cAMP by inhibiting PDE and adenosine-type receptors
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What is the calculation for Volume of Distribution?
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V = total amount of drug in body / plasma concentration of drug
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What are the features of Wernicke's encephalopathy?
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Confusion
Ophthalmoplegia Ataxia |
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What are the features of Korsakoff's psychosis?
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Memory loss
Confabulation Personality changes |
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What are the consequenes of Vitamine B1 (thiamine) deficiency?
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Wernicke - Korsakoff
Dry beriberi (polyneuritis, muscle wasting) Wet beriberi (dilated cardiomyopathy, oedema) |
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What are the general actions of opioid receptors inside the cell?
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* Open K+ channels
* Close voltage-gated Ca2+ channels * Inhibit adenylate cyclase --> ↓ cAMP |
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Which enzyme converts codeine to morphine?
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CYP2D6
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What is dependence?
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Withdrawal symptoms on cessation of chronic drug use
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What are the signs of alcohol withdrawal?
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* Perspiration
* Tremor * Anxiety & agitation * Hallucinations * Disorientation |
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What are the signs of alcohol dependence? (6)
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* Tolerance
* Withdrawal * Impaired control * Awareness of compulsion to drink * Alcohol given highest priority * Continued drinking despite knowledge of harm |
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Which ganglia mediate SYMP supply to organs?
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* SUP CERVICAL GANGLIA: eye, lacrimal & salivary glands
* COELIAC GANGLION: liver, upper GI * SUP & INF MESENTERIC GANGLIA: lower GI, bladder, reproductive organs |
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What are the main effects of PTH? (4)
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* KIDNEY: ↑ Ca reabsorption, ↑ calcitriol production, ↓ PO4 reabsorption
* BONE: ↑ bone resorption |
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What is the required daily intake of calcium?
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800 - 1200 mg / day
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What is an adequate level of Vitamin D?
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> 50 nmol/L of 25(OH) vitamin D
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What are the effects of glucocorticoids on calcium and bone?
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* ↓ Ca absorption in gut
* ↓ Ca reabsorption in kidney * ↓ osteoblast viability in bone |
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What is the cause of high rates of perinatal mortality among heroin users?
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Repeated hypoxic episodes secondary to maternal withdrawal and chorioamnionitis, on a background of chronic malnutrition and cigarette smoking
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What are opioid withdrawal symptoms?
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* Yawning
* Sweats * Runny eyes & nose * Hot & cold flushes * Muscle & joint pains * Restlessness, insomina * Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea |
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How long after the last opioid dose do symptoms of opioid withdrawal peak?
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2-3 days after the last dose
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What are the components of a successful early intervention for harmful drinking (FLAGS)?
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FEEDING back evidence of alcohol-related harm
LISTENING to the patient's response ADVICE to change GOALS STRATEGIES |
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What interventions have been shown to be effective for the prevention of hip fracture (not falls)?
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* Hip protectors
* Vit D & calcium supplements * Bisphosphonates (*dronates) * HRT |
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What is the mechanism of action of gout drugs Colchicine, Probenecid, and Allopurinol?
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* Colchicine: anti-inflammatory, binds & stabilizes tubulin, ↓ leukocyte chemotaxis
* Probenecid: ↓ reabsorption of uric acid in kidneys (not for acute gout) * Allopurinol: inhibits xanthine oxidase (not for acute gout) |
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What is the appearance of gout crystals?
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Negatively birefringent and needle shaped
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Which COX is gastroprotective and which COX inhibits platelet aggregation?
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* COX1: gastroprotective, acts on endothelium to ↑ platelet aggregation (by inhibiting PGI2)
* COX2: inflammatory (via PGs), ↓ platelet aggregation (via TxA2) |
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What are red flags for back pain? (7)
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* Significant weight loss
* Fevers * Constant or nocturnal pain * Pre-existing carcinoma * Additional sx in other systems * Neurological impairment * Severe highly localized pain |
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Which cancers most commonly metastasize to bone?
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* Lung
* Breast * Prostate * Thyroid * Kidney (Les Barnsley's Precise Tumour Knowledge) |
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Rheumatoid arthritis has a strong association with which HLA marker?
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HLA-DR4
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The seronegative arthritis diseases (ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's, psoriatic) are associated with which HLA marker?
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HLA-B27
(also inflammatory bowel disease) |
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What are some of the more common extraarticular manifestations of RA?
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* Anaemia of chronic disease
* Pleural effusion * Rheumatoid nodules * Vasculitis (obliterative endarteritis) * Pericarditis * Inflammation of the eye * Peripheral neuropathy or mononeuritis multiplex * Osteoporosis * Felty's (RA + splenomegaly + neutropaenia) |
