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16 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What type of imaging uses ionizing radiation?
-plain film or conventional x-rays
-mammography
-fluoroscopy
-CT = computed tomography
-nuclear medicine
What are the basic physical principles of nuclear medicine?
Pt injected w/ or ingests radioactive substance (emits gamma rays) that is metabolized in certain parts of tissues so you can see what tissues are taking up this substance (function) by emitting ionizing radiation on the body to see images
What are the basic physical principles of ultrasound?
transmission of sound waves through the body and then it measures the reflected echo
What are the basic physical principles of magnetic resonance imaging?
MRI

PT is placed in magnetic field to influence H atoms in tissues, then the body is pulsed with radio waves and H atoms return to equilibrium
What are the basic physical principles of conventional radiography?
ionizing radiation creates images to see the radiodensity (how thick an object is and proportional to atomic number) Certain structures observe more x-ray beams than others
In conventional radiology, what color is:
1) air
2) soft tissue
3) bone
4) metals
1) black
2) gray
3) white
4) white
What are the advantages and disadvantages of conventional radiography?
advantages:
readily available
cheap
minimum radiation exposure
non-invasive

disadvantages:
all superimposed images
2-D so you need 2 fields
What are the basic physical principles of fluoroscopy?

What are common routes of administration and contrast media used for certain studies?
use a contrast study (to differentiate tissues of similar density by administer contrast media) then use a continuous beam of x-rays to pass through patient

gastrointestinal: by mouth or rectum (barium, water soluble contrast if you suspect leak)
urinary tract: catheterization or vascular injection
vascular system and joints: injection

use water soluble contrast for urinary and vascular studies
What good imaging tools to view in real time?
fluoroscopy
ultra sound
What is a voiding cystourethrogram?
evaluation of the bladder after adding water soluble contrast via bladder catheter
What are the advantages and disadvantages of CT?
advantage:
cross sectional images eliminates the problem of superimposing images
high sensitivity btw soft tissues of similar density (quantitatively measure x-ray absorption)
fast
3D reconstruction

disadvantage:
high radiation dose
exposure to intravascular contrast
expensive
Define the hounsfield units to characterize anatomic tissues in CT.
Air: (-1000 HU) black
Fat: (-100 HU)
Water: (0HU) gray
soft tissues: (+20-70 HU)
bone: (+400 HU) white
What are the advantages and disadvantages of ultrasounds?
advantages:
real-time
no ionizing radiation
good resolution
portable
cheap

Disadvantages:
technically difficult to use
hard to see deep when have bone and gas
limit field of view
What are the advantages and disadvantages of MRI?
advantages:
better differentiation of soft tissues than CT
3D reformation
contrast free vascular imaging

Disadvantage:
long acquisition time
strong magnetic field interferes with pacemakers, and metallic foreign bodies
can't bring ferromagnetic items into the MRI examination room
What 2 imaging techniques can you fuse to increase the diagnostic power?
PET (nuclear medicine) and CT
How much radiation do you get from an x ray compared to a PET/CT scan?
Xray: <1 CXR (3 hrs of background)

PET/CT: 1165 CXR (12 yrs)