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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what protects the CNS?
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meninges, skull, and vertebral bones
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what does CNS come from?
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neural tube
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what does PNS come from?
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neural crest cell
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how does PNS connect to CNS?
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cranial nerves and spinal nerves
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what cells produce myelin?
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shwann cells
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efferent
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motor
from CNS to receiver |
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afferent
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sensory
from origin to CNS |
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which part of the PNS is the autonomic?
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visceromotor
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the ANS has what type of innervation?
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2-neuron innervation
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the ANS has what distinct ganglia formation?
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dual chain ganglia attached to spinal nerves
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how does the pre/post innervation work for ANS?
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sympathetic:
thoracic and lumbar short pre / long post parasympathetic: cervical and sacral long pre / short post |
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dorsal part of spinal cord
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sensory
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dorsal ramus
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innervates back 1/3rd of body
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ventral part of spinal cord
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motor
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ventral ramus
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innervates front 2/3 of body
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dermatome
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area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve segment
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which dermatome is nipple part of?
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T4 usually
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why are dermatomes important?
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administering anesthesia
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what must be reached to trigger an AP?
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a threshold level of depolarization
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tell me about the amplitude of an AP
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does not vary
all or none event no decrement |
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absolute refractory period
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window when AP cannot be triggered
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relative refractory period
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window when greater stimulus required to trigger AP
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why is membrane potential closer to Kep at rest
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because of leaky K+ channels
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what happens during depolarization phase
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voltage-gated Na+ channels open (m gate --> h was already open)
Na+ goes into cell |
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what happens around the peak of AP?
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Na+ driving force channels begin to inactivate (h gate bungs up)
K+ open (n gate) --> K+ out of cell |
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Repolarization phase
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Na+ gates almost all closed
K+ gates still open |
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Hyperpolarization phase
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K+ channels remain open, starting to close
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which axons conduct AP faster?
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thicker (less internal resistance)
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what increases AP conduction speed
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myelination
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gaps in myelin
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nodes of Ranvier
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saltatory conduction
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hopping between nodes of Ranvier
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electrical synapse
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neurons connected by gap junctions/connexons
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what do gap junctions/connexons do
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electrically couple cells (i.e. cardiac cells)
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chemical synapse
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via synaptic vesicles full of neurotransmitters
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how does chemical synaptic transmission work?
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depolarization of pre --> opening of voltage-gated Ca+ channels --> Ca+ floods in --> causes vesicles to fuse to membrane --> dump NTs into synaptic cleft
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MEPPs
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mini endplate potentials
too small to make AP, but this is how they discovered that transmissions are quantal (aka vesicles involved) |
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post-synaptic receptors
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1) ligand-gated ion channels (fast)
2) g-protein coupled receptors (slow) |
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3 types neurotransmitter ligand-gated ion channels
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1) glutamate
2) P2X 3) nicotinic (binds acetylcholine) |
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acetylchoinesterase
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stops Ach
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membrane potential
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voltage difference between inside and outside of cell
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Fick's law for rate of flow (diffusion)
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J = PA(Co-Ci)
Flow = (permeability)(area)(concentration) |
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when you graph flow versus concentration of a molecule, what does the slope represent?
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permeability
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partition coefficient (k)
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k = [molec]lipid/[molec]water
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how can you increase a molec's permeability
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decrease the # hydrogen bonds
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vasopressin (ADH)
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controls reabsorption of water in the kidney
recruits vesicles of aquaporons to the plasma membrane |
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uniporters
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facilitated diffusion (no ATP)
all the Glut1/2/3/ genes |
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Cotransporters/Symporters and Exchangers/Antiporters
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secondary active transport (because require conc gradient, which is made by Na/K pump)
obligatory coupling |
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how are epithelial cells joined together at apical surface
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tight junctions (zona occludens)
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2 routes for molec/ion to cross epithelium
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transcellular
paracellular (leaky or tight tight junctions) |
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structural polarity of epithelial cells
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apical = "brush border"
basolateral = smooth |
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where is Na/K pump found?
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only basolateral side
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where are membrane proteins sorted?
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trans-golgi apparatus
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isotonic
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osmotic pressure equal inside and outside cells
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hypertonic
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osmotic pressure greater outside cell
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hypotonic
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osmotic pressure greater inside cell
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for aquaporons, what determines rate and direction of water flow across a membrane?
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rate = # of AQPs
direction = osmotic gradient |
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RVD
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1) cell exposed to hypotonic
2) swells 3) kicks out cellular osmolytes 4) shrinks a bit |
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RVI
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1) cell exposed to hypertonic
2) shrinks 3) brings in, and synthesizes, osmoles 4) swells a bit |
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nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
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mutations in AQP1 and AQP2
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cholera
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secretory diarrhea = lose tons of fluid
use ORT with pedialyte |
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is glucose an essential nutrient?
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no, we can make it in our liver (gluconeogenesis)
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structure of ATP synthase...and how does it work?
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Fo = in membrane, 12 units
F1 = outside membrane, 6 units Fo rotates 120 degrees as 4 protons go through to F1 --> makes 1 ATP |
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each full rotation of ATP synthase
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12 protons escape and 3 ATP made
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how do you break down glucose?
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1) glycolysis
in cytoplasm glucose --> pyruvate 2) citric acid cycle in mitochondria pyruvate --> NADH --> proton gradient |
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how do you get the ATP you made out of the mitochondria?
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ADP/ATP antiporter
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cyanide
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poison of ATP synth => inhibits electron transport chain
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oligomycin
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poison of ATP synth => blocks H channel
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side product of cellular respiration
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ROS (superoxide anion) --> damage mitochondrial membrane
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friedrich's ataxis (FA)
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autosomal recessive --> don't produce ATP well
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