Block 1 083012 Vitamins And Coenzymes

Front 1

Define the term vitamin and distinguish it from other essential nutrients

Back 1

A vitamin is an organic compound that is essential in small amounts for reactions to take place but do not provide energy. It is differenent from other essential nutrients like minerals because minerals are inorganic and fats, carbs, proteins, because they are essential in large amounts

Front 2

List the lipid soluble vitamins.

Back 2

1. Vitamin A
2. Vitamin K
3. Vitamin E
4. Vitamin D

Front 3

List the water soluble vitamins

Back 3

1. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
2. biotin
3. all vitamin Bs
4. folic acid

Front 4

Name the 3 forms of vitamin A and state the major functions of this vitamin

Back 4

1. retinol
2. retinal= forms chromophore 11-cis-retinal which is linked to rhodopsin and iodopsin and it converts it to trans when a photon is absorbed. This is a function of vision.
3. retinoic acid=regulate gene transcription and differentiation

beta-caroene is a antioxidant precursor

Front 5

What are diseases associated with vitamin A deficiency?

Back 5

night blindness, visual impairment, growth impediment

Front 6

What is the active forms of Vitamin A?

Back 6

Retinoic acid, 11-cis-retinal

Front 7

What are the dietary forms of vitamin A?

Back 7

retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid

Front 8

What vitamin can cause toxicities in excessive quantities?

Back 8

vitamin A

Front 9

What is the prohormone and active forms of Vitamin D

Back 9

The dietary form of Vitamin D is the prohormone cholecalciferol (D3) The active form is when D3 is hydroxylized into calcitriol.

Front 10

What is the function of calciferol?

Back 10

1. stimulates absorption of Ca++ and PO4 by intestinal cells
2. promotes reabsorption of Ca++ in bones
3. increases reabsorption of Ca++ in kidneys

Front 11

What diseases come from a Vitamin D deficiency?

Back 11

Rickets and osteomalacia

Front 12

Specify the 2 major forms of vitamin E and explain their functions.

Back 12

1. alpha-tocopherol (alpha, beta, gamma, delta)
2. tocotrienol(alpha, beta, gamma, delta)

They are anti-oxidants and bind to free radials (ROS)

Front 13

What is the most common form of Vitamin E in north america and what form is the most active?

Back 13

gamma-tocopherol most common and alpha-tocopherol most active

Front 14

What diseases are associated with Vitamin E deficiency?

Back 14

Hard to have this deficiency, but causes hemolytic anemia, retinal degeneration, myopathy (Dogs especially prone to this and have paralysis in back legs)

Front 15

State the dietary form and active form of Vitamin K and it function.

Back 15

Dietary source is phylloquinone (K1) and menaquinon(K2). The active source is hydroquinone which is a cofactor for carboxylase which converts gluamate residues on PBL clotting factors and bone metabolic proteins

Front 16

Describe how Vitamin K deficiencies can occur and the problems associated with this deficiency.

Back 16

While rare in adults can occur when:
1. cant absorb lipids
2. bacteria that synthesize it is absent
3. anti-coagulants (warfarin, dicoumarol)
4. bulimia
Causes heavy bleeding and osteoporosis

Front 17

What is the common name of vitamin B1, its active forms and functions

Back 17

Thiamine, its active form is thiamine pyrophosphate. Its functions include energy metabolism: amino acid degradation, pentose phosphate pathway

Front 18

What diseases are associated with thiamine deficiency?

Back 18

Beriberi
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome:
optic neuropathy

Front 19

What is the difference between dry and wet Beriberi disease?

Back 19

Dry: neuropathy
Wet: confusion, edema, muscular atrophy, cardiomegaly, heart failure

Front 20

What is the common name of vitamin B2, its active forms and functions?

Back 20

Riboflavin, the active forms are flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). FAD and FMN are coenzymes in redox reactions for energy metabolism like FA catabolism,

Front 21

What are diseases associated with vitamin B2 deficiency?

Back 21

angular cheilitis, stomatitis, dermatitis

Front 22

What is the common names of Vitamin B3 and its active forms.

Back 22

Niacin, active forms nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine diculeotide phosphate (NADP)

Front 23

What is the difference in the active forms of niacin?

Back 23

Both NAD and NADP are dinucleotide joined by a phosphate group but NADP has an extra phosphate group in the 2' ribose. They are involved in redox reactions for energy metabolism:
NAD=redox for energy production like TCA cycle, ethanol oxidation and the removal of ammonium
NADP= reduces biosynthesis of FAs, cholesterol, neurotransmitters, and nucleotides

Front 24

What vitamins can be synthesized from bacteria?

Back 24

Thiamine and the vitamin K form menaquinone

Front 25

What diseases are associated with Niacin deficiency?

Back 25

Pellgra=diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death

3 Ds!!

Front 26

What is the common name for vitamin B5 and its active forms and functions?

Back 26

Pantothenic acid, active forms are coenzyme A (CoA) and phosphopantetheine. CoA is an acyl carrier (ex Acetyl CoA) and phosphopanthetheine is a component in FA synthase

Front 27

What is the common name for vitamin B6, its 3 forms, its active forms

Back 27

Pyridoxine:
1.pyridoxine
2.pyridoxal
3.pyridoxamine
Active coenzyme form is pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

Front 28

What is the common name for vitamin 12 and its active forms?

Back 28

Cobalamin
active forms: adenosylcoabalamine and methylcobalamine

Front 29

What diseases are associated with pyridoxine deficiency?

Back 29

angular cheilitis, dermatitis,conjunctivitis

Front 30

What is the largest and most structurally complicated vitamin

Back 30

B12 (cobalamin)

Front 31

What are diseases related to vitamin B12 deficiency?

Back 31

megaloblastic anemia=large immature RBC and neurological disorders

Front 32

State the class of enzymes that use biotin as a cofactor and list come clinical manifestations associated with its deficiency.

Back 32

Cofactor for the transfer of carbon dioxide in carboxylases (carboxylation rxn in FA synthesis). Deficiencies cause alopecia, dermatitis

Front 33

What are the active forms oFolic acid and its functions?

Back 33

THF (tetrahydrofolate) and derivatives. Involved in 1-carbon transfer rxns to synthesize purines and pyrimidines

Front 34

What diseases are associated with folate deficiency.

Back 34

Spina bifida, birth defects so pregnant women should eat enough of this

Front 35

What are the major functions of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Back 35

It is a cofactor for collagen hydroxylases which is involved with the structural integrity of connective tissues and pbl vessels

Front 36

What diseases are associated with vitamin C deficiency?

Back 36

Scurvy!