Blinn Biology Chapter 4

Front 1

What is the CELL THEORY?

Back 1

1. All living things are made of one or more cells
2. The smallest organisms are made of singe cells while multi-cellular organisms are made of many cells
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Front 2

What features are common to ALL cells?

Back 2

All cells:
1. Have a Plasma Membrane
2. Have Cytoplasm
3. Use DNA
4. Have Ribosomes
5. Obtain energy and nutrients from the environment
6. Use common building blocks to build the molecules of life

Front 3

What are the differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

Back 3

Prokaryotes:
1. Have no nuclear membrane
2. No organelles (except ribosomes)
Eukaryotes:
1. Have a Nucleus and Organelles
2. Includes Plant and Animal cells

Front 4

Of the organelles we discussed, which one is found in Prokaryotes?

Back 4

Ribosomes

Front 5

What are the major features of Prokaryotic cells?

Back 5

Small; Circular DNA chromosome in the Nucleoid Region: No membrane bound organelles; Many carry small rings of DNA called PLASMIDS; Many have a stiff cell wall; some propelled by flagella and cilia;

Front 6

What is the function of the Nucleus?
What is the nucleus made up of and what are their functions?

Back 6

Stores and protects DNA

Front 7

What is the nucleus made up of and what are their functions?

Back 7

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE- separates the chromatin from the cytoplasm
NUCLEOLUS- contains multiple copies of rRNA genes; Produces Ribosomes
CHROMATIN- contains the DNA in various configurations

Front 8

What is the function of the Ribosomes?

Back 8

Protein Synthesis

Front 9

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

Back 9

Makes ATP for energy (Respiration)

Front 10

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER)

Back 10

Lipid Synthesis and detoxifies drugs

Front 11

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum? (rER)

Back 11

Produces proteins for secretion and Phospholipids for other membranes

Front 12

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

Back 12

Tags and Modifies proteins for export

Front 13

What are Lysosomes and what do they do?

Back 13

Digestive proteins that are produced in the rER and then labeled as "Lysosomes" in the Golgi Apparatus; Lysosomes keep digestive enzymes separate and inactive until needed

Front 14

What is the function of Vacuoles?

Back 14

Contractile Vacuoles: are used to collect and pump water out
Central Vacuoles: maintain water balance, store wastes nutrients or pigments and provide turgid pressure to keep cells rigid.

Front 15

What are Chloroplasts? What is their function?

Back 15

Chloroplasts are specialized Plastids that contain Chlorophyll and other pigments that capture sunlight and make sugar, O2, and water.

Front 16

In what two places do Ribosomes synthesize proteins?

Back 16

Cytoplasm and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 17

What are the differences between plant cells and animal cells?

Back 17

Animal Cells: no cell walls, no plastids, few small vacuoles, centrioles

Plant Cells: has cell walls, has plastids, HUGE vacuoles, NO centrioles

Front 18

What is the cytoskeleton and what 3 filaments make it up?

Back 18

The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers within the cytoplasm that maintains and changes a cells shape.
Made of Micro-filaments, Intermediate filaments and Micro-tubules.

Front 19

What are the functions are Micro-filaments and Micro-Tubules? What are they made of?

Back 19

Micro-filaments are made of Actin Protein; they facilitate division of the cytoplasm during cell division.
Micro-tubules are made of Tubulin Protein; they orchestrate movement of chromosomes during nuclear division and provide "highways" for MAP proteins.

Front 20

What are Motor Maps and how are they associated with Micro-tubules and Vesicles?

Back 20

Motor Maps are proteins that transport sub-cellular structures via Vesicles along Micro-tubules.

Front 21

What is the structure and function of Cilia and Flagella?

Back 21

Cilia and Flagella are composed of Micro-tubules in a "9+2" arrangement and are used for cellular motion.
Cilia are short and very numerous
Flagella are long but only 1 to a few per cell.

Front 22

What are the components of the Lipid Bi-layer, according to the Fluid Mosaic Model?

Back 22

Built with 2 main components:
1. Double layer of phospholipids in constant motion
2. A mosaic of proteins floating in a sea of phospholipids.

Front 23

What are the 5 trans-membrane proteins we discussed?

Back 23

Receptor Proteins
Recognitions Proteins
Enzymatic Proteins
Attachment Proteins
Transport Proteins

Front 24

What is the function of Receptor Proteins?

Back 24

Trigger cellular responses upon binding specific molecules (e.g. hormones)

Front 25

What is the function of Recognition Proteins?

Back 25

Serve as identification tags on the surface of a cell

Front 26

What is the function of Enzymatic Proteins?

Back 26

Promote chemical reactions that synthesize or break apart biological molecules

Front 27

What is the function of Attachment Proteins?

Back 27

Anchor the cell membrane to inner cytoskeleton, proteins outside the cell and to other cells.

Front 28

What is the function of Transport Proteins?

Back 28

Include Channel and Carrier proteins; The Regulate the import/export of hydrophillic molecules

Front 29

Selectively Permeable?

Back 29

Ability to isolate the cell's contents from the external environment; Allows selective interaction and exchange with the environment and other cells

Front 30

what are the 2 components that affect fluidity?

Back 30

Cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acids

Front 31

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Back 31

Saturated: solid at room temperature, all or mostly C-C single bonds
Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature, missing H atoms and has C=C double bonds.

Front 32

What class of Organic Molecule's is Cholesterol associated?

Back 32

Cholesterol is a steroid and therefor is belongs to the LIPID category

Front 33

Gradient

Back 33

A physical difference in temperature, pressure, charge or concentration in two adjacent regions

Front 34

How is diffusion dependent on kinetic energy and a
concentration gradient?

Back 34

Molecules are in constant motion, the higher the concentration gradient the more the particles collide and disperse

Front 35

What are the 4 factors that affect diffusion?

Back 35

Concentration Gradient, Temperature, Density and Molecular Weight

Front 36

Dialysis

Back 36

diffusion of solute across a semi-permeable membrane

Front 37

Osmosis

Back 37

diffusion of water across a membrane

Front 38

Hypotonic

Back 38

A solution with higher water concentration or lower solute concentration

Front 39

Hypertonic

Back 39

A solution with lower water concentration or higher solute concentration

Front 40

Isotonic

Back 40

A solution with equal concentrations of water and equal concentrations of solute

Front 41

Lysis

Back 41

To break; to burst

Front 42

Crenation

Back 42

the shriveling of a cell caused by the net flow of water outwards

Front 43

Plasmolysis

Back 43

the swelling of a cell caused by the net flow of water inwards

Front 44

Turgid (Turgor Pressure)

Back 44

The swelling of plant cells caused by water entering the central vacuole and "stiffening" the cell

Front 45

What happens to cells when placed in hypo/hyper or isotonic
solutions? In which direction would water flow in each case?

Back 45

Hypertonic- plasma membrane will shrivel due to a net flow of water OUT of the cell.
Hypotonic- plasma membrane will swell due to a net flow of water INTO the cell
Isotonic- the cell will remain unchanged. Water moves across the membrane equally.

Front 46

How does a Contractile Vacuole work?

Back 46

Salts are pumped into the Contractile Vacuole causing it to become Hypertonic to the cytosol and absorbing excess water. It then contracts to expel the water out of the cell

Front 47

What is the difference between passive and active transport?

Back 47

Passive Transport: requires no energy, depends on diffusion
Active Transport: requires energy, depends on pumps and cytosis

Front 48

How do channels and carriers differ?

Back 48

Channel Proteins create hydrophillic lined pores with the correct diameter for SPECIFIC molecules to cross in EITHER direction.
Carrier Proteins bind larger polar or charged molecules (e.g. amino acids, sugars)
Both require a positive concentration gradient because they are merely a "tunnel" not a pump.

Front 49

What are pumps? Why do they require a direct input of energy?

Back 49

Active-transport membrane proteins; they require energy, in the form of ATP, in order to move molecules AGAINST the concentration gradient

Front 50

What is a Counter Transport?

Back 50

The simultaneous transport of two substances across a membrane in opposite directions

Front 51

How does the Na-K pump help maintain homeostasis of charge?

Back 51

It moves 2 K+ molecules, against the concentration gradient, into the cell; while simultaneously moving Na+ out of the cell

Front 52

What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

Back 52

Endocytosis is the IMPORT of large particles or substances through the membrane
Exocytosis is the EXPORT of large particles or substances through the membrane

Front 53

What are the differences between pinocytosis, phagocytosis, & receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Back 53

Pinocytosis (cell drinking) brings in droplets of extracellular fluid
Phagocytosis (cell eating) moves large particles or whole organisms into the cell
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis moves SPECIFIC molecules into the cell

Front 54

What are Endocytotic Vesicles and Coated Pits?

Back 54

Endocytotic Vesicles contain extracellular fluid obtained through Pinocytosis
Coated Pits are the membrane regions of coated vesicles that enclose receptor-bound molecules

Front 55

Why do cells adhere to each other? Why is this important?

Back 55

Cells adhere to each other in order to create complex multicellular organisms

Front 56

What are the 4 types of cellular adhesion?

Back 56

Desmosomes, Tight Junctions, Gap Junctions and Plasmodesmata

Front 57

Desmosomes

Back 57

Attach cells together; found where cells need to adhere tightly together under the stresses of movement (e.g. skin cells)

Front 58

Tight Junctions

Back 58

Make the cell leak proof; found where tubes and sacs must hold contents without leaking (e.g. the urinary bladder)

Front 59

Gap Junctions and Plasmodesmata

Back 59

Allow for communication through:
cell-to-cell channels that allow for the passage of hormones, nutrients and ions in animal cells (Gap Junctions)
Cytoplasmic connections in plant cells (Plasmodesmata)

Front 60

Why do cells need energy?

Back 60

All living things require energy for physical and cellular activity

Front 61

What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?

Back 61

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; the total amount of energy within a system remains constant

Front 62

What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

Back 62

The amount of useful energy decreases when energy is converted from one form to another; ENTROPY (disorder) increases

Front 63

What is Entropy?

Back 63

Inevitable and steady deterioration of a system; a tendency to evolve to a state of inertness

Front 64

What are endergonic and exergonic reactions?

Back 64

Endergonic Reactions require activation energy in order to take place
Exergonic Reactions are SPONTANEOUS and require no activation energy; instead, they release energy

Front 65

What are the two types of energy carriers that transfer energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions?

Back 65

1. ATP
2. Election Carriers(NAD+, NADP, FADH)

Front 66

What are ATP and ADP(type of organic molecule) and what is ATP's function and nickname?

Back 66

Nucleic Acids; ATP is known as "the energy currency" and it's function is to provide energy to fuel endergonic reactions

Front 67

What is ATP hydrolysis and why is it so exergonic?

Back 67

ATP Hydrolysis is the breaking of a phosphate bond with water. The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates in ATP is a high-energy bond and releases all that energy upon separation