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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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gene
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a segment of DNA sequence that encodes a functional product from transcription
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allele
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one of many possible alternative versions of a gene
every allele is a gene |
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chromosome
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a structural unit of heredity that c
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haploid
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cellular state of having ONE complete set of chromosomes or complete genome
usually result of second cycle of meiosis |
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diploid
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cellular state of having TWO complete sets of chromosomes or complete genomes
usually 1 set from father, 1 from mother |
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genotype
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genetic identity
2 alleles of a gene |
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phenotype
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observable or measurable characteristic
results from genotype |
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homologous chromosomes
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highly similar chromosomes that carry same genes
alleles may differ (due to crossover) |
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crossover
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physical exchange between 2 homologous chromosomes
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linkage
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non-random segregation of genetic loci
due to proximity on same chromosome |
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mitosis
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mode of eukaryotic cell division
involves generation of genetically identical daughter cells no change in ploidy |
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meiosis
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mode of eukaryotic cell division
involves generation of haploid gametes from diploid cells 2 nuclear divisions occur |
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transformation
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introduction/transfer of DNA into the genome of prokaryotic or unicellular eukaryotic cells
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protease
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enzyme that degrades proteins
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ribonuclease (RNAse)
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enzyme that degrades RNA
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deoxyribonuclease (DNAse)
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enzyme that degrades DNA
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phage
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prokaryotic virus
infectious agent made of protein coat surrounding genetic material (DNA or RNA) needs bacterial host cell to replicate |
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complementary
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with respect to DNA/RNA strands:
strands having base sequence that can base-pair appropriately with other strand (when arranged in antiparallel) different regions of single strand can also be complementary |
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nucleoside
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base + ribose/deoxyribose
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nucleotide
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base + ribose/deoxyribose + phosphate(s)
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replication
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duplication of DNA
both strands used as templates for synthesis of complementary, antiparallel strands semi-conservative mechanism |
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transcription
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synthesis of RNA using segment of DNA as template
RNA is complementary to template, synthesized in direction antiparallel to DNA template strand |
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translation
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decoding of base code in mRNA (codons) by anti-codon of tRNA linked to cognate amino acid
occurs in ribosome |
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mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
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3 major types of RNAs involved in expression of genetic info in DNA through protein synthesis
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codon
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triplet of bases (in mRNA and DNA) encoding an amino acid
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anticodon
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triplet of bases on each tRNA for recognition of complementary codon in mRNA
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transcript
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RNA molecule that results from transcription
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DNA polymerase
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enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization of dNTPs (1 at a time) to a 3' end of DNA-base-paired to intact template strand
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RNA polymerase
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enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization of NTPs on a DNA template
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ribosome
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protein-RNA complex
mRNA and tRNA engage in translation and protein synthesis here |
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reading frame
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start and end points of bases in mRNA
determine which base triplets constitute codons |
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degeneracy *in genetic code)
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multiple codon sequences sometime encode a single amino acid
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secondary structure (in nucleic acid)
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formation of regions of ds DNA/RNA within single-stranded molecule
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covalent bond
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strong bond involving sharing of electron pair
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non-covalent bond
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1 of several mostly weak types of bonds:
ionic bonds, H-bonds, VanderWaals interactions, hydrophobic interactions |
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polar bond
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bond where electrons are shared unequally between 2 bonded atoms
due to difference in electronegativity |
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hydrogen bond
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weak bond involving 2 polar bonds that interact through a hydrogen that's part of 1 of the polar bonds
H-FON |
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hydrophobic interaction
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interaction between NP molecules that minimizes interaction with aqueous environment
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free energy (change)
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difference in energy in the products versus reactants
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activation energy
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energy required to attain transition state of rxn.
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catalysis
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reduction of activation energy by facilitating formation of transition state of rxn.
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denaturation/melting (of nucleic acid)
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separation of DNA or dsRNA regions
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topology
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surface shape
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supercoiling
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overwinding or underwinding of DNA (beyond normal twisting of strands in double helix)
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topoisomerase (I and II)
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enzymes that change superhelical density of DNA
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