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20 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
the deep sea
cold temp, little seasonality, no light, high pressure, plenty of dissolved o2, no photo synthesis
the deep sea (layers below 400m)
mesopelagic, bathypelagic, bathyal, (deepest:) abyssal and hadal
mesopelagic
first layer 400 m down, no photosyn, cold,

animals: small, large eyes for gather food in their conditions, huge teeth to eat eachother, bioluminescnce, vertical migrations cause scattering, moving up and down
bioluminescnece
biologically produces light...the animals do not do this, but bacteria does

the animals have organs where the bacteria live and produce the light

some squid squirt the biolum. to keep from being eaten..like curtain of ink, can be used to find mates
countershading
camouflage that helps to be less seen from below (special coloration) . it is lights on the underside that make it camouflage with the above light (called photopores)
lantern fish
one of only fish that hasnt been fished because they are too deep...but now we can get them with high tech gear..they use countershading and they have light produced in their eyes!
deep scattering layer
found during WW2

fish go up at night, down at day due to the sun...the sonar can detect the populations going up and down (the movement of the scattering layer)....they move food from top to bottom
diel vertical migrations
this scattering layer is the connection between the deep sea and the surface..because they go up and down, they effectively move food from the top to the bottom
bathylpelagic realm
no natural light only biolumin.
fewer, larger fish that are thinly scattered
black/red in color to hide
do not go to surface
angler fish: big woman, small parasitic-like man that she carried around...she has bioluminescenece on her angler thing to catch fish that bite it
generalizations about the layers in the ocean....SO as you GO DEEPER:
lower biomass: abundant, miniturized: more special fauna, slow growing: long lived, fewer filter feeders:more deposit feeders (eat anything) and scavengers
deep sea floor
soft bottom: clay, mud or formed by biological deposits like plankton: they shed their shells. they are dependant on food sinking down from above.
animals that live on the surface are easily seen becyase just mud but many more that are IN the ground
diverse population!!:species have adapted to highly specialized niches in the bottom of the ocean...one of most diverse on EARTH, intense preaditon kees population so low that there is no competition (unlike barnacles that fight for spots)

, hydrothermal vents
hydrothermal vents
oases of life
lots of animals that DONT require photosyn.
adaptations to extremes in temp: water very hot out of vent but very cold otherwise
usually happen along mid ocean ridges: tallest mountains on earth UNDERWATER! come from the interrior of the earth
"hot rock" convection cycle
rocks are SO hot that they become liquid over and over...it interacts with the seeping down seawater and gets way hotter than boiling and rises and is expelled out of the vent system

rises as hot rock, gets cold from sea water and comes back down
circulates, lots of chemical reactions

all of the water in the ocean eventually circulates through the hydrothermal vents
who discovered the vents?

what is the shuttle used to examine them?
BOB BALLARD and it was accidental!

the alvin: they have to be carful not to melt alvin and the equipment: the sipper is the wand extended from it to collect water samples at the vents
black vents vs. white vents
black vents are extrmemely hot and have alot of nutrients

white vents are not as hot and not as much iron/sulfur ..lower temp

they have more manganese
chemosynthetic bacteria
produced by the vents: free living and symbiotic (cooperative relationship)

tubeworms and bacteria in chemosynthesis
photosyn vs. chemosyn
P1)starts with sun
C1)starts from vents

P2)chlorophyll
C2)bacteria

P3)plants
C3)tubeworms

both end in calvin cycle, one just happens in the dark
why doesnt the water at the vents boil?
because of the pressure underwater...if at the surface it would instantly vaporize
pompeii worm
adaptation to extreme temp

live in colonies, tails point towards the vent pool so they are hotter...the head has different living conditions than the tail

HOTTEST ANIMAL ON THE PLANET
chemosynthetic communities
due to whales and their oil: when whale dies, can support feeders for years!, some organisms even eat the whale bones