Bisc104 Chapter 5

Front 1

basics about the skeletal system

Back 1

dynamic: change throughout life, 206 named bones

axial skeleton: centrAL axis
appendicular: appendages holding to the central axis (arms, legs, hands, feet)

Front 2

endochondral

Back 2

within cartilage, most bones are this meaning they wer eformed within cartilage

Front 3

osteoblasts/osteocytes

Back 3

osteoblasts: immature bone cells not yet surrounded by bony matrix (ossifcation: bone formation)
osteocytes:mature bone cells surrounded by bone matrix.

otseoblasts mature into osteocytes

Front 4

diaphysis

Back 4

the long middle part of the bone is dense bone surrounding a central canal: houses the marrow

Front 5

red marrow/ yellow marrow

Back 5

red: spongy, where blood cells are formed
yellow: compact, where energy is store

Front 6

epipheses

Back 6

the ends of the bone, they include the epiphyseal plate (area of cartilage where long bones continue to grow during childhood, etc): when bones stop growing, cartilage is replaced by bone

Front 7

the inside of the bone

Back 7

concentric rings of matrix laid by osteocytes surrounding a central canal. one circle of this is haversion system (otseon)

cells in the bone communicate through holes in the matrix called canaliculi.
canaliculi allow fluids and nutrients into the bone

Front 8

bone development

Back 8

prenatal: cartilage
fetus: some conversion to bone
childhood: primary and secondary ossification sites formed
adolescence: cartilage growth plate elongates

Front 9

osteoclasts/osteoblasts/osteocytes/chondroblasts

Back 9

osteoclasts: large cells that adhere to the surface of bony tissue and release acids and enzymes:bone breaking cell...if you are low in calcium, they will break down calcium already in bone

osteoblasts: bone formation

osteocytes:mature bone cell sthat maintain the structure of the bone

chondroblasts:cartilage forming cells that form a model of the future bone

Front 10

Bone remodeling and repair:

Back 10

changes in shape, sizes, and strength: depends on diet, exercise, age
-bone cells regulated by hormones

Repair: hematoma (bruise/massive blot clot that develops over the site of the fractured bone) and callus formation (fibrocartilage bond between broken ends that is converted into bone by osteoblasts)

osteoclasts absorb the dead bone tissue
heal bone is often stronger and thicker than original

Front 11

diseases/effects of bad bones

Back 11

osteoporosis: thinning of the bone structure caused by imbalance of deposition and resorption
carpal tunnel: repetitive motions cause inflamation of ligament
arthritis: cartilage at the end of the bone wears out: becomes inflamed and painful

Front 12

3 types of joints

Back 12

fibrous: immovable, connect bones in skull
cartilaginous: slightly movable, vertebrae, lower ribs to the sternum

synovial: free movement between 2 bones, most common joits in the body

Front 13

limbs comprise the

Back 13

appendicular system

Front 14

COX1 AND COX2

Back 14

COX causes inflammation and pain
COX1 in the stomach helps mucus formation. Aspirin blocks COX1 AND 2 so this can lead to irritation and bleeding

Front 15

interosseus

Back 15

between bones

Front 16

ligament/tendon

Back 16

ligament: dense regular connective tissue connecting bone to bone

tendon: dense regular connective tissue connecting muscle to bone

Front 17

synovial fluid:

Back 17

fluid secreted by the inner membrane of the synovial joint

Front 18

bursae

Back 18

fluid filled sac between the bones or tendonsif a joint and the skin positioned to reduce friction

Front 19

menisci

Back 19

fat pads within joints that cusion bones to assist in "fit"