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158 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What's the main function of the respiratory system?
Gas Exchange.
What is the nasal cavity structure?
What divides it in two parts?
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
Nasal cavity is divided by a bone and a cartilage.
The nasal cavity bone and cartilage is divided by the SEPTUM.
The nasal conchae increases the surface area.
Why are Eustachian tubes more prone to infection in small children?
What is the function of Eustachian tubes?
Child's Eustachian tubes are more narrow and horizontal.
Eustachian connect the nasal cavity to the ears to help equalize pressure.

Eustachian - Equalize.
What is the function of the CILIATED CELLS in the respiratory system?
Ciliated cells move containments and trap small particles.


CILiated - jail CELL.
Which part of the respiratory system does larynx surround?
The larynx surrounds the glottis.
What separates the upper and lower respiratory areas?
The larynx separates the upper and lower resp. areas.
Where are the vocal cords located?
Inside the larynx.
Everything you know about the larynx...
It surrounds the glottis.
It separates the upper and lower respiratory areas
and it encases the vocal cords.
Which vocal cords produce higher-pitched sounds, shorter, or longer?
Shorter - seen in mostly females and children.
What is below the larynx?
Below the larynx is the TRACHEA
How is cough produced?
The cough is produced by mucus that is trapped by cilia to remove particle.
What is the function of the mucus elevator?
Traps small particles to be removed.
What is the function of the pleural membranes?
Protects the lungs.
What are the smallest bubble-like structures in the lungs?
What is their function?
Alveolus
Gas Exchange.
What is the function of the surfactant in alveoli?
Prevents alveolus from collapsing.


Surfactant - above the surface.
What is external respiration?
Gas exchange between environment and body.
What is ventilation?
Air in and out of body.

*You open a door and window to ventilate the room - moving air in and out.
Which organs are involved in breathing?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
*What is the tidal volume?
The NORMAL amount of air you breath in [500].
What is the vital capacity?
The MAX amount of air you EXHALE [4800].
What is the residual volume?
Amount of air that CANNOT be exhaled from lungs [1200].
How often do we breath at rest?
Every 12 seconds.
How is the rate of breath defined?
Rate of exhalation/inhalation.
Is breath involuntary or voluntary?
It's both, but mostly involuntary.
What makes us exhale at rest?
Passive exhalation.
What makes us breathe faster while exercising?
RESPIRATORY CENTER triggers harder breathing because you need more energy.
How does the pH of blood change if it contains more CO2?
It becomes more ACIDIC - pH drops and forms carbonic acid.
What is the response to more acid in the blood?
Take in more oxygen.
How many times is the risk of a lung cancer higher for a smoker?
15x.
How much higher is the risk of a cardiovascular disease?
3 more times.
Between the two, which has a higher impact in terms of mortality from smoking: lung cancer or cardiovascular disease?
Lung cancer.
What is emphysema?
Emphysema - collapse of small bronchial during exhalation.
How does smoking cause emphysema? How does smoke cause cancer?
Smoke particles destroy the alveolus and induced mutations in the DNA.
What is the effect of smoke on ciliated cells?
It reduced ciliated cells.
Which component of smoke blocks hemoglobin?
Carbon monoxide.
What proportion of smokers manage to quit?
10%
Which component of cigarettes cause addiction? What is the mechanism of its action?
Nicotine; It stimulates the pleasure signal in the brain.
How does smoking cause cardiovascular diseases?
Smoke contains nicotine which increase LDL and reduced HDL.
With high LDL clot formation (cholesterol enters the body's) occurs which leads to cardio diseases.
What is the other name for the digestive tract?
Elementary tract?
What are the two types of digestion?
Chemical and mechanical digestion.
What are the four layers of the walls of the digestive tract?
Mucosa, Sub Mucosa, Serosa, Muscularis.
What are the names of the anterior and posterior parts of the roof of the mouth and what tissues are they composed of?
Anterior - hard palate (bone)
Posterior - soft palate (skeletal muscles).
What is the end of the soft palate? What is its function?
Uvula; Closes the nasal cavity while swallowing.
What are the tonsils composed of and what is their function?
Tonsils are composed of immune tissue; helps protect against infections.
What are the four kinds of teeth.
Incisors
Canine
Premolars
Molards
How many teeth do children and adults have?
Children - 20
Adults - 32
What are the crown and the root of a tooth?
What is the enamel, dentin, periodontal membrane, and pulp cavity?
Enamel: Covers the tooth.
Dentin: Just below the enamel
Periodontal membrane - ??
Pulp cavity - nerves and blood vessels.
How many salivary glands do we have?
We have 3 pairs of glands.
Which enzymes does the saliva contain and what do they break?
Salivary amylase (carbs)
Lipase (lipids).
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Keeps swallowed food from entering trachea.
Is there any food absorption in the esophagus?
No.
What is the function of the esophagus?
The esophagus pushes the massive food into the stomach with peristalsis.
What is the name of the muscles found at junctions of the digestive system?
Sphincters.
What causes heartburn?
Stomach acids going back into the esophagus.
At which side of the body is stomach located?
LEFT side under the DIAPHRAGM.
Which substances can be absorbed in the stomach?
What is the name of the product that enters the stomach?
Caffeine, alcohol, aspirin,
Chyme.
What does the stomach wall secrete? What is the content of it?
What is the pH in the stomach?
What protects the stomach walls from digesting itself?
HCL; Pepsin
pH is acidic [less than 7. 3-4]
Mucus lining.
What bacteria causes stomach ulcers?
Heliobacter pylori.
What neutralizes the chyme before the small intestine?
Through pancreatic secretions.
What are the three regions of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejenum, ileum.
Which one is the shortest?
Duodenum.
Which one has the most digestion going on?
Duodenum?
How is the area of the small intestine increased?
Villi.
What is the increase for?
By how much does it increase?
Food absorption.
???
Where are the digestive enzymes mostly produced?
Which enzyme does the small intestine make?
Mostly produced in accessory organs.
Lactase.
How is secretion of digestive juices regulated?
Regulation is always done by hormones.
What are the four regions of the large intestine?
Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anus.
Which intestine is longer: small or large?
Small intestine is longer.
What is absorbed in LI?
Water, salts, vitamins.
Which area of the large intestine contains the nerves that signal the urge to defecate?
Rectum.
Which area of the large intestine has the appendix connect to it?
Cecum
Which organ at the end of the alimentary canal is a sphincter?
Anus
Which area of the small intestine is also bypassed in the gastric bypass surgery?
Duodenum.
What are the major accessory organs?
Liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
Which of the accessory organs is a gland?
Pancreas.
What is the liver divided and subdivided into?
Hepatocytes.
What is the name of the liver cells?
Hepatocytes.
What is the name of the emulsifying substance that the liver secretes?
Bile.
What is its function?
Break down fats in the small intestine.
What is the name of the tube through which the bile goes?
Hepatic ducts.
What are the functions of liver cells?
Remove toxins and dead cells, drugs, alcoho.
Where does the blood that the hepatocytes filter come from?
Bloodstream.
Where does the filtered blood go?
Returns back to the blood stream.
How do hepatocytes regulate the sugar concentration in blood?
Glucose homeostasis.
Which component of the cellular membranes does liver synthesize?
Cholesterol.
In which case can the liver NOT regenerate?
Cirrhosis - when the liver tissue is replaced by fibrosis (scar tissue).
Loss of liver function.
*What is the function of the gallbladder?
Stores biles.
Is gallbladder a gland?
No.
*Where is the pancreas located?
Above the small intestine.
*Which three enzymes does it secrete?
amylase, lipase, trypsin.
*Other than the secretion of digestive enzymes, what other purpose does the pancreas have?
secretion of sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes stomach acid in the SI.
What is the role of sodium bicarbonate?
Neutralization.
Which hormone does the pancreas produce? What do they regulate?
Insulin, glucagon; regulate sugar balance.
Which molecule homeostasis is not maintained in diabetes?
Glucose.
*What is the Type I Diabetes? Which body system causes it?
Insulin dependent disorder - they do not produce enough insulin.
*What is type II Diabetes? A problem with which cells can cause Type II Diabetes?
Insulin INdependent.
Target cells become resistant and so the insulin is not enough to have an affect on glucose balance.
What kind of health problems high blood sugar causes?
Damaged kidneys.
Function of the urinary system?
Removes waste.
What are the substances that need to be eliminated through the urine?
Ammonia salts, acids.
What are the kidney functions?
filter blood, maintain pH, regulate homeostasis.
Which two organs do ureters connect?
Urinary bladder and urethra.
What does urethra connect?
Urinary bladder and outside of the body.
What is the name of the arteries and veins that go to and from the kidneys?
Renal artery and renal vein [returns back to circulation away from kidneys].
How many liters a day do kidneys filter?
100 liters.
How much urine can bladder contain?
Up to 1 liter.
What are the three layers of kidneys?
Outer renal cortex
Inner renal medulla
Renal pelvis
What protects the kidneys from outside?
Outer renal cortex?
Where are the nephrons located?
The cortex and medulla.
WHy women have to urinate frequently during pregnancy?
Why do older men have difficulty urinating?
Uterus sits on the bladder.
As you age there is prostate enlargement which can cause complications.
What is the bladder muscle called?
Which bladder sphincter is voluntary: internal or externam?
Urethra sphincters.
Internal (involuntary), and external (voluntary).
What is micturition reflex? Does urination rely on positive or negative feedback loop?
The internal sphincter relaxes --> detrusor muscles contracts.
Positive feedback loop.
Name the components of urine
Water, urea, ions, toxins etc.
*What are three steps of waste processing by kidneys?
1. Glomerular filtration.
2. Tubular reabsorption.
3. Tubular secretion.
What is the name of the receiving end of the nephron? What does it enclose?
Glomerula capsule.
Encloses glomerulus.
What makes the water and small molecules migrate out of the glomerulus?
High blood pressure.
What is left int he blood vessels after passing through the glomerulus?
Your cells and proteins.
What is the tubular reabsorption?
Which direction does the water and ions go?
Nutrients, salts and water is getting reabsorbed.
Follow the concentration gradient. Moves toward the capillary.
What is the tubular secretion?
What is secreted and from where?
Removing drugs, food additives.
Creatine gets actively secreted from the blood; also unwanted chemicals will be put int he kidneys [from blood into kidneys].
What do the nephrons empty into?
Renal pelvis
What is the name of the condition when too much salt was lost from blood?
Hyperatremia.
Swelling because water enters tissues.
What is the first sign of kidneys malfunctioning?
If there is protein in your urine.
Protein slipped through glmoerulus.
What are gametes?
What are gonads?
Gametes are reproductive cells [egg and sperm]
Gonads are the producers for egg and sperm [testes and ovaries].
What is the name of the tubules where the sperm forms?
Seminiferous tubules.
What are the three accessory glands that participate in semen production?
Seminal vesicle - secretes fructose and mucus,
prostate gland - causes semen to be milky.
Bulbourethral gland - helps neutralize any acidic urine.
Which cells support the sperm maturation?
Certoli cells.
Which cells secrete testosterone?
Leydig cells.
How long does it take to make sperm?
60 days.
What are the projections that suck oocytes in the oviducts?
Fimbria.
What is endometrium?
Muscular walls of the uterus.
Where does ectopic pregnancy occur?
Abnormal pregnancy because egg implants in oviduct and not uterus.
At what time in the development do the males start to produce sperm?
Puberty.
When do females produce oocytes? When do they mature?
Begins when the fetus is growing in the mother's uterus.
Matures when they hit puberty.
What is the specialized cell division that produces eggs and sperm?
Meiosis.
How the formation of gametes in the male and female called?
Gametogenesis.
What is contained in the follicles?
Immature eggs.
What happens with follicles during ovulation?
What is the ovarian cycle?
Primary follicle develops into secondary follicle into graafian cycle [mature]
*What happens to follicles and explains ovarian cycle*
Which hormone does the follicle mostly produce?
Estrogen.
What is the corpus luteum and which hormone does it produce?
Follicle cells.
Estrogen and progesterone.
What happens to levels of estrogen and progesteron during menstruation?
It's low
During pregnancy - high.
Why does menstruation not happen when pregnancy occurs?
Because progesterone and estrogen increase which indicates no breakdown of blood.
Where do the researchers mostly obtain human embryonic stem cells?
Blastocytes.
Does embryo grow during the pre-embryonic stage? Where does teh pre-embryonic development occur?
No
The oviduct.
What causes the formation of monozygotic twins?
During division of the first or second daughter cells, where the cells may break apart.
What causes an embryo to take a ball shape?
Daughter cells are connected by gate junctions which causes the cell mass to take a ball-form.
What are inner cell mass and trophoblast? What develops from them?
Inner cell mass is made up of 30-34 cells inside blastocyte; Trophoblast s the rest of the blastocyst.
Extra embryonic membrane.
What is the name of the precursor of the embryonic side of the placenta?
Chorion.
Which stage of teh embryo is used for implantation in IVF?
Which stage embryos are used for the stem cells production?
Blastocyst; Blastocyst.
How does the embryo get implanted in the endometrium?
Embryo leaves the zonapelluciba and the trophoblast secretes enzymes to digest the walls of endometrium.
What is gastrulation? What are the three embryonic layers? Which main organs come from them?
Formation of the three layers;
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm;
Endoderm - respiratory system and digestion.
Mesoderm: Cartilage, muscle bone.
Ectoderm: skin and nervous system.
Does the placenta consist of fetal mother tissue or both?
Both.
Do the blood cells travel between mother and fetus? What structure faciliitates the gas exchange and nutrients delivery to the fetus?
No; Chorionic villus.
What causes constipation and heart burn during pregnancy?
Due to progesterone which relaxes the smooth muscles - when there is an imbalance there is heart burn and constipation.
Which hemoglobin binds oxygen stronger: fetal or adult?
Fetal.
How does alcohol affect fetus?
It pases the the placenta and leads to skull deformities.
How does nicotine affect fetus?
Interferes with bone marrow which produces all the cells needed by the body. It can cause cardio problems and immune problems (white blood cells).
What is an average lifespan of men and women?
M- 72
W - 79
What causes aging?
Organs losing their functions.