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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What's the main function of the respiratory system?
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Gas Exchange.
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What is the nasal cavity structure?
What divides it in two parts? What is the function of the nasal conchae? |
Nasal cavity is divided by a bone and a cartilage.
The nasal cavity bone and cartilage is divided by the SEPTUM. The nasal conchae increases the surface area. |
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Why are Eustachian tubes more prone to infection in small children?
What is the function of Eustachian tubes? |
Child's Eustachian tubes are more narrow and horizontal.
Eustachian connect the nasal cavity to the ears to help equalize pressure. Eustachian - Equalize. |
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What is the function of the CILIATED CELLS in the respiratory system?
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Ciliated cells move containments and trap small particles.
CILiated - jail CELL. |
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Which part of the respiratory system does larynx surround?
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The larynx surrounds the glottis.
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What separates the upper and lower respiratory areas?
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The larynx separates the upper and lower resp. areas.
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Where are the vocal cords located?
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Inside the larynx.
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Everything you know about the larynx...
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It surrounds the glottis.
It separates the upper and lower respiratory areas and it encases the vocal cords. |
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Which vocal cords produce higher-pitched sounds, shorter, or longer?
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Shorter - seen in mostly females and children.
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What is below the larynx?
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Below the larynx is the TRACHEA
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How is cough produced?
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The cough is produced by mucus that is trapped by cilia to remove particle.
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What is the function of the mucus elevator?
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Traps small particles to be removed.
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What is the function of the pleural membranes?
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Protects the lungs.
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What are the smallest bubble-like structures in the lungs?
What is their function? |
Alveolus
Gas Exchange. |
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What is the function of the surfactant in alveoli?
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Prevents alveolus from collapsing.
Surfactant - above the surface. |
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What is external respiration?
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Gas exchange between environment and body.
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What is ventilation?
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Air in and out of body.
*You open a door and window to ventilate the room - moving air in and out. |
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Which organs are involved in breathing?
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Diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
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*What is the tidal volume?
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The NORMAL amount of air you breath in [500].
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What is the vital capacity?
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The MAX amount of air you EXHALE [4800].
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What is the residual volume?
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Amount of air that CANNOT be exhaled from lungs [1200].
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How often do we breath at rest?
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Every 12 seconds.
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How is the rate of breath defined?
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Rate of exhalation/inhalation.
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Is breath involuntary or voluntary?
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It's both, but mostly involuntary.
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What makes us exhale at rest?
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Passive exhalation.
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What makes us breathe faster while exercising?
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RESPIRATORY CENTER triggers harder breathing because you need more energy.
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How does the pH of blood change if it contains more CO2?
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It becomes more ACIDIC - pH drops and forms carbonic acid.
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What is the response to more acid in the blood?
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Take in more oxygen.
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How many times is the risk of a lung cancer higher for a smoker?
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15x.
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How much higher is the risk of a cardiovascular disease?
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3 more times.
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Between the two, which has a higher impact in terms of mortality from smoking: lung cancer or cardiovascular disease?
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Lung cancer.
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What is emphysema?
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Emphysema - collapse of small bronchial during exhalation.
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How does smoking cause emphysema? How does smoke cause cancer?
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Smoke particles destroy the alveolus and induced mutations in the DNA.
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What is the effect of smoke on ciliated cells?
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It reduced ciliated cells.
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Which component of smoke blocks hemoglobin?
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Carbon monoxide.
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What proportion of smokers manage to quit?
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10%
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Which component of cigarettes cause addiction? What is the mechanism of its action?
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Nicotine; It stimulates the pleasure signal in the brain.
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How does smoking cause cardiovascular diseases?
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Smoke contains nicotine which increase LDL and reduced HDL.
With high LDL clot formation (cholesterol enters the body's) occurs which leads to cardio diseases. |
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What is the other name for the digestive tract?
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Elementary tract?
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What are the two types of digestion?
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Chemical and mechanical digestion.
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What are the four layers of the walls of the digestive tract?
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Mucosa, Sub Mucosa, Serosa, Muscularis.
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What are the names of the anterior and posterior parts of the roof of the mouth and what tissues are they composed of?
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Anterior - hard palate (bone)
Posterior - soft palate (skeletal muscles). |
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What is the end of the soft palate? What is its function?
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Uvula; Closes the nasal cavity while swallowing.
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What are the tonsils composed of and what is their function?
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Tonsils are composed of immune tissue; helps protect against infections.
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What are the four kinds of teeth.
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Incisors
Canine Premolars Molards |
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How many teeth do children and adults have?
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Children - 20
Adults - 32 |
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What are the crown and the root of a tooth?
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What is the enamel, dentin, periodontal membrane, and pulp cavity?
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Enamel: Covers the tooth.
Dentin: Just below the enamel Periodontal membrane - ?? Pulp cavity - nerves and blood vessels. |
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How many salivary glands do we have?
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We have 3 pairs of glands.
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Which enzymes does the saliva contain and what do they break?
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Salivary amylase (carbs)
Lipase (lipids). |
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What is the function of the epiglottis?
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Keeps swallowed food from entering trachea.
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Is there any food absorption in the esophagus?
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No.
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What is the function of the esophagus?
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The esophagus pushes the massive food into the stomach with peristalsis.
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What is the name of the muscles found at junctions of the digestive system?
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Sphincters.
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What causes heartburn?
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Stomach acids going back into the esophagus.
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At which side of the body is stomach located?
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LEFT side under the DIAPHRAGM.
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Which substances can be absorbed in the stomach?
What is the name of the product that enters the stomach? |
Caffeine, alcohol, aspirin,
Chyme. |
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What does the stomach wall secrete? What is the content of it?
What is the pH in the stomach? What protects the stomach walls from digesting itself? |
HCL; Pepsin
pH is acidic [less than 7. 3-4] Mucus lining. |
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What bacteria causes stomach ulcers?
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Heliobacter pylori.
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What neutralizes the chyme before the small intestine?
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Through pancreatic secretions.
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What are the three regions of the small intestine?
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Duodenum, jejenum, ileum.
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Which one is the shortest?
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Duodenum.
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Which one has the most digestion going on?
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Duodenum?
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How is the area of the small intestine increased?
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Villi.
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What is the increase for?
By how much does it increase? |
Food absorption.
??? |
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Where are the digestive enzymes mostly produced?
Which enzyme does the small intestine make? |
Mostly produced in accessory organs.
Lactase. |
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How is secretion of digestive juices regulated?
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Regulation is always done by hormones.
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What are the four regions of the large intestine?
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Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anus.
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Which intestine is longer: small or large?
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Small intestine is longer.
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What is absorbed in LI?
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Water, salts, vitamins.
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Which area of the large intestine contains the nerves that signal the urge to defecate?
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Rectum.
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Which area of the large intestine has the appendix connect to it?
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Cecum
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Which organ at the end of the alimentary canal is a sphincter?
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Anus
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Which area of the small intestine is also bypassed in the gastric bypass surgery?
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Duodenum.
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What are the major accessory organs?
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Liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
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Which of the accessory organs is a gland?
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Pancreas.
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What is the liver divided and subdivided into?
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Hepatocytes.
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What is the name of the liver cells?
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Hepatocytes.
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What is the name of the emulsifying substance that the liver secretes?
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Bile.
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What is its function?
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Break down fats in the small intestine.
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What is the name of the tube through which the bile goes?
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Hepatic ducts.
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What are the functions of liver cells?
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Remove toxins and dead cells, drugs, alcoho.
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Where does the blood that the hepatocytes filter come from?
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Bloodstream.
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Where does the filtered blood go?
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Returns back to the blood stream.
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How do hepatocytes regulate the sugar concentration in blood?
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Glucose homeostasis.
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Which component of the cellular membranes does liver synthesize?
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Cholesterol.
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In which case can the liver NOT regenerate?
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Cirrhosis - when the liver tissue is replaced by fibrosis (scar tissue).
Loss of liver function. |
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*What is the function of the gallbladder?
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Stores biles.
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Is gallbladder a gland?
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No.
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*Where is the pancreas located?
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Above the small intestine.
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*Which three enzymes does it secrete?
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amylase, lipase, trypsin.
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*Other than the secretion of digestive enzymes, what other purpose does the pancreas have?
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secretion of sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes stomach acid in the SI.
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What is the role of sodium bicarbonate?
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Neutralization.
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Which hormone does the pancreas produce? What do they regulate?
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Insulin, glucagon; regulate sugar balance.
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Which molecule homeostasis is not maintained in diabetes?
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Glucose.
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*What is the Type I Diabetes? Which body system causes it?
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Insulin dependent disorder - they do not produce enough insulin.
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*What is type II Diabetes? A problem with which cells can cause Type II Diabetes?
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Insulin INdependent.
Target cells become resistant and so the insulin is not enough to have an affect on glucose balance. |
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What kind of health problems high blood sugar causes?
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Damaged kidneys.
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Function of the urinary system?
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Removes waste.
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What are the substances that need to be eliminated through the urine?
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Ammonia salts, acids.
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What are the kidney functions?
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filter blood, maintain pH, regulate homeostasis.
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Which two organs do ureters connect?
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Urinary bladder and urethra.
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What does urethra connect?
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Urinary bladder and outside of the body.
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What is the name of the arteries and veins that go to and from the kidneys?
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Renal artery and renal vein [returns back to circulation away from kidneys].
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How many liters a day do kidneys filter?
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100 liters.
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How much urine can bladder contain?
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Up to 1 liter.
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What are the three layers of kidneys?
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Outer renal cortex
Inner renal medulla Renal pelvis |
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What protects the kidneys from outside?
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Outer renal cortex?
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Where are the nephrons located?
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The cortex and medulla.
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WHy women have to urinate frequently during pregnancy?
Why do older men have difficulty urinating? |
Uterus sits on the bladder.
As you age there is prostate enlargement which can cause complications. |
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What is the bladder muscle called?
Which bladder sphincter is voluntary: internal or externam? |
Urethra sphincters.
Internal (involuntary), and external (voluntary). |
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What is micturition reflex? Does urination rely on positive or negative feedback loop?
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The internal sphincter relaxes --> detrusor muscles contracts.
Positive feedback loop. |
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Name the components of urine
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Water, urea, ions, toxins etc.
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*What are three steps of waste processing by kidneys?
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1. Glomerular filtration.
2. Tubular reabsorption. 3. Tubular secretion. |
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What is the name of the receiving end of the nephron? What does it enclose?
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Glomerula capsule.
Encloses glomerulus. |
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What makes the water and small molecules migrate out of the glomerulus?
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High blood pressure.
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What is left int he blood vessels after passing through the glomerulus?
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Your cells and proteins.
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What is the tubular reabsorption?
Which direction does the water and ions go? |
Nutrients, salts and water is getting reabsorbed.
Follow the concentration gradient. Moves toward the capillary. |
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What is the tubular secretion?
What is secreted and from where? |
Removing drugs, food additives.
Creatine gets actively secreted from the blood; also unwanted chemicals will be put int he kidneys [from blood into kidneys]. |
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What do the nephrons empty into?
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Renal pelvis
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What is the name of the condition when too much salt was lost from blood?
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Hyperatremia.
Swelling because water enters tissues. |
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What is the first sign of kidneys malfunctioning?
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If there is protein in your urine.
Protein slipped through glmoerulus. |
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What are gametes?
What are gonads? |
Gametes are reproductive cells [egg and sperm]
Gonads are the producers for egg and sperm [testes and ovaries]. |
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What is the name of the tubules where the sperm forms?
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Seminiferous tubules.
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What are the three accessory glands that participate in semen production?
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Seminal vesicle - secretes fructose and mucus,
prostate gland - causes semen to be milky. Bulbourethral gland - helps neutralize any acidic urine. |
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Which cells support the sperm maturation?
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Certoli cells.
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Which cells secrete testosterone?
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Leydig cells.
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How long does it take to make sperm?
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60 days.
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What are the projections that suck oocytes in the oviducts?
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Fimbria.
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What is endometrium?
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Muscular walls of the uterus.
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Where does ectopic pregnancy occur?
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Abnormal pregnancy because egg implants in oviduct and not uterus.
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At what time in the development do the males start to produce sperm?
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Puberty.
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When do females produce oocytes? When do they mature?
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Begins when the fetus is growing in the mother's uterus.
Matures when they hit puberty. |
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What is the specialized cell division that produces eggs and sperm?
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Meiosis.
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How the formation of gametes in the male and female called?
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Gametogenesis.
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What is contained in the follicles?
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Immature eggs.
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What happens with follicles during ovulation?
What is the ovarian cycle? |
Primary follicle develops into secondary follicle into graafian cycle [mature]
*What happens to follicles and explains ovarian cycle* |
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Which hormone does the follicle mostly produce?
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Estrogen.
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What is the corpus luteum and which hormone does it produce?
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Follicle cells.
Estrogen and progesterone. |
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What happens to levels of estrogen and progesteron during menstruation?
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It's low
During pregnancy - high. |
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Why does menstruation not happen when pregnancy occurs?
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Because progesterone and estrogen increase which indicates no breakdown of blood.
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Where do the researchers mostly obtain human embryonic stem cells?
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Blastocytes.
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Does embryo grow during the pre-embryonic stage? Where does teh pre-embryonic development occur?
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No
The oviduct. |
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What causes the formation of monozygotic twins?
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During division of the first or second daughter cells, where the cells may break apart.
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What causes an embryo to take a ball shape?
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Daughter cells are connected by gate junctions which causes the cell mass to take a ball-form.
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What are inner cell mass and trophoblast? What develops from them?
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Inner cell mass is made up of 30-34 cells inside blastocyte; Trophoblast s the rest of the blastocyst.
Extra embryonic membrane. |
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What is the name of the precursor of the embryonic side of the placenta?
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Chorion.
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Which stage of teh embryo is used for implantation in IVF?
Which stage embryos are used for the stem cells production? |
Blastocyst; Blastocyst.
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How does the embryo get implanted in the endometrium?
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Embryo leaves the zonapelluciba and the trophoblast secretes enzymes to digest the walls of endometrium.
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What is gastrulation? What are the three embryonic layers? Which main organs come from them?
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Formation of the three layers;
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm; Endoderm - respiratory system and digestion. Mesoderm: Cartilage, muscle bone. Ectoderm: skin and nervous system. |
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Does the placenta consist of fetal mother tissue or both?
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Both.
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Do the blood cells travel between mother and fetus? What structure faciliitates the gas exchange and nutrients delivery to the fetus?
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No; Chorionic villus.
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What causes constipation and heart burn during pregnancy?
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Due to progesterone which relaxes the smooth muscles - when there is an imbalance there is heart burn and constipation.
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Which hemoglobin binds oxygen stronger: fetal or adult?
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Fetal.
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How does alcohol affect fetus?
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It pases the the placenta and leads to skull deformities.
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How does nicotine affect fetus?
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Interferes with bone marrow which produces all the cells needed by the body. It can cause cardio problems and immune problems (white blood cells).
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What is an average lifespan of men and women?
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M- 72
W - 79 |
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What causes aging?
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Organs losing their functions.
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