Biotechnology Theory Of Evolution

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Biology =

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The study of life.

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Evolution =

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the permanent changes in an organism over time

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Who is the " Father of Evolution?

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Charles Darwin

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What book did Darwin Publish in 1858?

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"The Origin of Species."

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What is Darwins " Theory of Evolution"?

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1.Darwin's Theory of Evolution is the widely held notion that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor:
2.organisms evolved due to changes in their environment.
3.Tree of life.

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Scientific Method;

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1. Observing; i.e. Glaciers are melting
2. Hypothesis; longer hours of daylight or whatever
3. Experimentation; doing research in order to either prove your hypothesis true or not true.
4. Conclusion; yes longer daylight is the reason that glaciers are melting

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Scientific Theory

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A hypothesis supported by a great deal of evidence which stands the test of time.

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Scientific Classification

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Is a method by which scientists group and categorize species of organisms.

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Scientific Classification is also called –

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Taxonomy

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Taxonomy -

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is a branch of biology concerned with identifying , naming and classifying species.

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Carolus Linnaeus

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Father of Modern Taxonomy

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Carolus Linnaeus ; Father of Modern Taxonomy, is responsible for?

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1 used simple physical characteristics to identify different species and organize them into groups
2. Developed “ Binomial, ( two names )Nomenclature; (System of Naming), which gave each organism two names.

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Define Binomial Nomenclature.

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Two word name for ea. Species.
a) The first word is the GENUS name. ( the first letter is capitalized)
b) The second word is the species name (the first letter of the species name remains in lower case.)
c) Is written in italics OR is underlined.
Ex. Homo + sapiens = Human
Genus name = capitalized Species name all lower case

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Hierarchical Classification

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1. Kingdom - the top level of organisms in scientific classification
2. Phylum - represent the largest accepted groupings of living things with certain evolutionary traits.
3. Class – a group of closely related order.
4. Order - A group of closely related family.
5. Family – a group of closely related Genera.
6. Genus - a group of closely related species.
7. Species – a group of individuals that posses similar anatomical characteristics and have the ability to interbreed.

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SIX KINGDOMS

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• ANIMALIA
• PLANTAE
• FUNGI
• PROTISTA
• ARCHAEBACTERIA
• EUBACTERIA

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3 main DOMAINS

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1. EUKARYOTIC
2. ARCHAEA
3.PROKARYOTIC

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HUMAN CLASSIFICATION

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• Domain = Eukaryotic
• Kingdom ANIMALIA –1. Need to use other organisms as food
2. They are motile sometimes in their lives.
• Phylum CHORDATA – 1 Notochord, spinal chord gills 2
• Sub-Phylum VERBRATA – Back bone enclosing spinal chord , scull bones enclosing the brain.
• Class – MAMMALIAN – having hair or fur, females breast feed, warm blooded, one bone in lower jaw.
• Order – PRIMATES – Tree-living mammals, flattened fingers and nails, keen vision , poor sense of smell.
• Family – HOMICIDE – Bipedal locomotion
• Genus – HOMO – Long childhood, large brain, speech ability
• Species - SAPIENS – Body hair reduced, high forehead, prominent chin.

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DOMAINS are what?

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Domains area higher level of classification than a kingdome- like a "Superkingdome"

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Define - Biotechnology

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A branch of biology that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification.

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Define - Bioinformatics

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The study collection and storage of genomic data,(is also classified as a branch of information technology (IT).

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DOMAINS

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1 EUKARYOTIC = PROTISTA , FUNGI, AMNIMALIA, PLANTAE
2 ARCHEA = ARCHAEABACTERIA
3 PROKARYOTIC = BACTERIA (EUBACTERIA), VIRUS.

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PROKARYOTIC

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1. ARE ORGANISMS THAT CAN ONLY BE SEEN WITH A MICROSCOPE
2. ARE UNICELLULAR - 1 CELLREPRESENTS THE ORGANISM
3. THEIR GENETICMATERIALS, (DNA), IS NOT COVERED BY A NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

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ARCHAEA

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1. CAN BE SEEN BY MICROSCOPE
2. LOOK LIKE BACTERIA ON THE SURFACE BUT LOOK LIKE
EUKARYOTES FROM THE INSIDE.
3.THEY CAN TOLERATE EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS

EX. HYPERETHERMOPHILES- TOLERATE HIGH TEMP.'s
ACIDOPHILES – CAN TOLERATER LOWEST ph/VERY ACIDIC
HALOPHILES – CAN TOLERATE GREATEST SALT CONCENTRATION
METANOGENS – LIVE WITHOUT OXYGEN.

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EUKARYOTIC

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1. ARE ORGANISMS THAT THEIR GENETIC MATERIALS ( DNA) ARE ORGANIZED INTO A NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.
2. ARE MULTICELLULAR.
3. HAVE DIFFERENT SHAPES AND SIZES.

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

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1. CELL – UNIT OF LIFE
2. TISSUE – A GROUP OF CELLS PERFORMING A SPECIFIC FUNCTION.
3. ORGAN – A GROUP OF TISSUES PERFORMING A SPECIFIC FUNCTION
4. ORGAN SYSTEMS – A GROUP OF CELL TISSUES AND ORGANS THATPERFORM ASPECIFIC MAJOR FUNCTION. (I.E. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM)
5. INDIVIDUAL
6. SPECIES
7. COMMUNITY
8. ECO-SYSTEM - THE RELATIONSHIP OF A SMALLER GROUP OF ORGANISMS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT.
9. BIOSPHERE – IS THE SUM OF ALL LIVING THINGS IN CONJUNCTION WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT

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3 BASIC CONCEPTS OF MICROSCOPES

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1. MAGNIFICATION
2. RESOLUTION
3. CONNTRAST

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PROKARYOTIC cells =

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1 unicellular
2 do not have nucleus
3 don’t have organelles
4 microscopic organisms

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EUKARYOTIC cells =

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1. Multicellular
2. Have a nucleus
3. Have organelles
4. Variety of sizes and shapes

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SIMILARITIES between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

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1. PLASMA MEMBRANE
2. CELL WALLS (SOME LIKE BACTERIA)
3. RIBOSOMES
4. DNA AS GENETIC MATERIAL
5. CYTOPLASM (ALL CELLS HAVE CYTOPLASM)

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SIMILARITIES
Animal vs Plant cells

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1. Plasma membrane
2. Mitochondria
3. Gogli apparatus,rough & smooth endoplasmic reticulum
4. Nucleus & DNA
5. Ectoplasm

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DIFFERENCES between
ANIMAL and PLANT CELLS

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PLANT CELLS
1. HAS CELL WALLS
2. HAS CLOROPLAST
3. HAS LARGE VACUOLES
4. HAS PERIOXOSOMES
5. CELLS ARE ALLWAYS ATTATCHED TOGETHER

ANIMAL CELLS
1. NO CELL WALLS
2. NO CHLOROPLAST
3. SMALL VASCUOLE
4. LYSOSOMES
5. CELLS ONLY ATTACH WHEN FORMING A TISSUE (IE RED BLOOD CELLS)

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1. NO CELL WALLS
2. NO CHLOROPLAST
3. SMALL VASCUOLE
4. HAVE LYSOSOMES
5. CELLS ONLY ATTACH WHEN FORMING A TISSUE (IE RED BLOOD CELLS)

WHAT TYPE OF CELLS ARE DESCRIBED ABOVE?

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ANIMAL CELLS

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1. HAS CELL WALLS
2. HAS CLOROPLAST
3. HAS LARGE VACUOLES
4. HAS PERIOXOSOMES
5. CELLS ARE ALLWAYS ATTATCHED TOGETHER

WHAT TYPE OF CELLS ARE DESCRIBED ABOVE?

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PLANT CELLS

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2 TYPES OF CELL TRANSPORT

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1. PASSIVE
2. ACTIVE

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IS ENERGY REQUIRED FOR PASSIVE CELL TRANSPORT ?

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= NO ENERGY IS REQUIRED

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DIFFUSION -IS WHICH TYPE OF CELL TRANSPORT ?

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PASSIVE CELL TRANSPORT = NO ENERGY IS REQUIRED

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MATERIALS MOVE IN AND OUT FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION IS CALLED WHAT?

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DIFFUSION

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PROTIEN PUMPS OR CHANNELS FACILITATE THE MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS BY DIFFUSION.
THIS IS CALLED WHAT?

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FACILITATED DIFFUSION

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OSMOSIS –IS A FORM OF WHAT TYPE OF CELL TRANSPORT ?

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OSMOSIS –IS A FORM OF FACILITATED DIFFUSION

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THE MOVEMENT OF WATER ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE BY THE HELP OF A PROTIEN CHANNEL CALLED “AQUAPORINS”
THIS IS CALLED WHAT ?

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OSMOSIS

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ACTIVE TRANSPORT =

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= ENERGY IS REQUIRED

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MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS AGAINST THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS BY USING ENERGY.
DESCRIBES WHICH TYPE OF CELL TRANSPORT ?

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ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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WHAT TYPE OF CELL TRANSPORT IS ENDOCYTOSIS ?

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ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND ENERGY IS REQUIRED

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– MATERIALS GET INSIDE THE CELLS BY POCKETS OR VESICLES MADE FROM PLASMA MEMBRANE. IS WHAT TYPE OF CELL TRANSPORT ?

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ENDOCYTOSIS

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A. PHAAGOCYTOSIS – FOR LARGE MATERIALS
B. PINOCYTOSIS – FOR SM. MATERIALS AND WATER.
WHICH TYPE OF CELL TRANSPORT ARE THESE A PART OF ?

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ENDOCYTOSIS WHICH IS ACTIVE TRANSPORT = ENERGY IS REQUIRED

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MATERIALS MOVE OUTSIDE OF CELLS BY VESICELS ATTACHING TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND RELEASING THEIR MATERIALS OUTSIDE OF THE CELL. (VESICLES REMAIN INSIDE OD CELLS) , IS WHAT TYPE OF CELL TRANSPORT ?

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EXOCYTOSIS - WHICH IS ACTIVE TRANSPORT = ENERGY IS REQUIRED

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materials on both sides of the solution are = distributed

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Isotonic solutions

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the solution on one side is less than the other.

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Hypotonic solutions

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the solution on one side is greater than the other.

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Hypertonic solutions

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constant internal environment is kept by body cells & tissues

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Homeostasis –

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DESCRIBE LIPIDS

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LIPIDS HAVE;
1. HYDROPALIC HEAD – LIKES WATER
ON OUTSIDE OF STRUCTURE
AND HAS CONTACT W BLOOD/ FLUIDS

2. HYDROPHOBIC TAIL – DISLIKES WATER
CONSISTS OF TWO LIPID (FAT) CHAINS